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"In recent decades, the liability of public authorities has been one of the main areas of development in and at the edges of tort law in Europe, with major reforms implemented or considered at a national level, and a steady stream of major court decisions. During the same period, 'Member State liability' has also been recognised in the law of the EU, and the interplay of principles of national and EU law - and additionally the 'just satisfaction' jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights - evidently warrants close attention.In this context, the aims of the present study are to contribute to the understanding of the law of extra-contractual liability as it applies to public authorities in the legal systems of Europe (and selected non-European jurisdictions), to facilitate its enhancement where necessary or desirable, and to consider the possibilities for harmonisation in the area - specifically, through the extension and adaptation of the Principles of European Tort Law to cover public authority liability.With contributions by:Bjarte Askeland, Ewa Baginska, Jonathan Cardi, Giovanni Comand�, Eugenia Dacoronia, Jef de Mot, Isabelle Durant, Duncan Fairgrieve, Michael Faure, Israel Gilead, Michael D Green, Anne Keirse, Bernhard A Koch, Fran�ois Lich�re, Piotr Machnikowski, Ulrich Magnus, Miquel Mart�n-Casals, Johann Neethling, Luca Nocco, Ken Oliphant, Maria Jos� Reis Rangel de Mesquita, Jordi Ribot, Lubo� Tich�, Vibe Ulfbeck, Pierre Widmer, B�n�dict Winiger.About the editor:Ken Oliphant is a Professor of Tort Law at the University of Bristol, United Kingdom."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menyuguhkan pembaca dengan penjelasan yang mendalam tentang konsep tanggung jawab majikan dan bagaimana konsep ini berkaitan erat dengan perkembangan tanggung jawab mutlak di Indonesia, dan untuk tujuan itu perbandingan antara sistem hukum di Indonesia akan dilakukan terhadap sistem hukum yang diterapkan di Belanda. Tanggung jawab majikan dapat dimengerti sebaga penerapan tanggung jawab kepada majikan atas kerugian yang dialami oleh pihak ketiga karena perbuatan pekerjanya selama masa dipekerjakan. Untuk menghindari tanggung jawab yang menitikberatkan kewajiban ganti rugi terhadap majikan dibutuhkan pembatasan dan pengecualian untuk diterpakan dalam pelaksanaan teori tanggung jawab majikan ini. Tanggung jawab majikan juga berkaitan erat dengan tanggung jawab mutlak karena jika penerapan konsep ini tidak memberikan ancaman yang berarti bagi majikan maka harus ada ancaman majikan akan dimintakan tanggung jawab mutlak atas segala perbuatan pekerjanya. Setelah membuat perbandingan tersebut, legislator di Indonesia perlu melakukan amandemen terhadap hukum Indonesia yang saat ini digunakan untuk dapat mengimbangi pertumbuhan kebutuhan hukum dari masyarakat.

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This research aims to provide the reader with a thorough explanation on the concept of vicarious liability and how it is closely connected to the development of liability without fault in Indonesia, and for that purpose a brief comparison between the Indonesian legal system will be made against the Dutch legal system. Vicarious liability can be understood as the imposition of liability on the employer for damages inflicted on a third party by their employee during the course of their employment. As to not making it employer heavy, necessary limitations and expectations need to be observed in implementing the theory of vicarious liability. Vicarious liability can be closely linked with liability without fault in the sense that, if the implementation of this concept does not pose enough threat to the employers then they should be held strictly liable for damages caused by their employees. After making the relevant comparison, it is found that the Indonesian legislator needs to make amendment on our current law in order to cope up with the ever-changing need of the society."