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"Proses pembuatan dan pcmbahasan RUU Sisdiknas telah menimbulkan perdebatan publik yang diliputi ketegangan politik. Masyarakat terpecah ke dalam kelompok yang mendukung dan menolak RUU ini Pembahasan perundangan yang berkaitan dengan isu penting seperti pendidikan. yang menyangkut kepentingan publik secara luas, menarik untuk dicermati Terlebih ketika muatan-muatan RUU yang diperdebatkan seperti pasal 13 yang mengatur tentang pengajaran agama menjadi fokus perdebatan yang nyaris menenggelamkan esensi utama persoalan sistem pendidikan nasional, Pro-kontra terhadap substansi RUU Sisdiknas. yang menyentuh wilayah agama dan kepentingan mayoritas-minorilas masyarakat plural Indonesia, telah menampilkan tanggapan yang keras dari masing-masing pihak demi mempertahankan sikapnya. Menarik untuk meneliti bagaimana kepentingan masyarakat majemuk diolah kedalam kebijakan publik dalam bentuk perundangan, dengan memberi ruang dan pengakuan alas multikulturalisme, dimana kepentingan kelompok minoritas tcrcakup didalamnya. Dalam konteks demokrasi masa kini, pertimbangan terhadap multikulturalisme nampaknya semakin menemukan landasan, ketika struktur kemasyarakatan semakin kompleks, dan tuntutan bagi persamaan diantara warga negara semakin mengemuka.Penulisan ini menggunakan teori tentang demokrasi yang menekankan persamaan hak, dan partisipasi yang setara bagi semua dalam pengambilan keputusan. Tinjauan terhadap masyarakat multikultural Indonesia dalam penelitian ini-berkaitan dengan proses legislasi yang dilalukan oleh DPR-dimaksudkan untuk menemukan apakah aspek kemajemukan (pluralisme) bangsa Indonesia, dapat diterjemahkan ke dalam perundangan yang mewakili semua kelompok di dalam masyarakat_ Undang-Undang No.20 Tahun 2003 tentang Sistem Pendidikan Nasional yang dilahirkan melalui Usulan Inisiatif DPR telah menimbulkan perpecahan sikap di antara kelompok-kelompok dalam masyarakat, karena proses pembahasannya mengabaikan partisipasi publik. Penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif dan pengumpulan data maupun informasi melalui wawancara, observasi serta penggunaan data primer dari dokumen dan catatan DPR. Proses politik yang berlangsung dalam pembuatan dan pengesahan UU Sisdiknas, seperti yang ditunjukkan melalui penelitian ini lebih dipengaruhi oleh agenda jangka pendek partai-partai politik, daripada kepentingan jangka panjang bangsa Indonesia dalam upaya penguatan demokrasi, melalui pembuatan kebijakan publik yang mendukung upaya tersebut.

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Upon the making and deliberation of the Education Bill of 2003, some contents regarding religion as compulsory in the proposed Bill has aroused public debate and political tension, especially among members in the societies whose interests are intended represented in the Bill. Education Bill as significant to every member in the pluralistic Indonesian society has stirred up the unending debate on religious teaching as part of national curriculum, and the role of state to supervise the implementation of the subject. The intention as stated in the Bill, to make every school including private schools (which in the case of Indonesia where Moslems are majority, Christian base schools are nonetheless still favored observe the provision of religious teachers for students of the same religion. During the long years of practice, private religious-base schools are not conditioned by any state regulation to do so. Much to the fact that the Indonesian societies are pluralistic, then the contents carried by article 13 in the proposed Bill, perceived by non-Moslems as a way to impose restriction on them. The reason to study legislation and its process, amidst the efforts to enhance democracy in Indonesia is deemed important. Question over political participation throughout law making process in the parliament is raised, when minority rights as recognized by democracy is felt neglected by some. However, it is far from easy just to accommodate and to try to please every single citizen in the realm of multiple challenges encountered by pluralistic Indonesia. Multiculturalism as politics of recognition is as new, contrary to the fact that for many years, the nature of pluralism is seen more as recognition for being different, rather than a pre condition to develop genuine and common ground for national goals and integration.

Theories on key elements in democracy such as: equal participation and equal rights in the making of public policy are used in this writing, to check if law making process are in line with people's demands to have their ideas and interests taken into account. This writing is based on qualitative method of research. While results of primary research found in previous findings, writings and parliamentary documents are used to approach the issues. Legislation, in conjunction with multiculturalism and larger room for `political participation is one critical factor in democracy building. The outcome shows, that law making process in the case of Education Bill, is not delivered in a better facilitated environment, where political acknowledgment upon the nature of multicultural Indonesia is too important to be overlooked."

"Latar belakang penelitian ini adalah terjadinya konflik politik akibat penerapan UU No. 22 Tahun 2001 tentang Migas selama tahun 2003-2012. Konflik politik berlangsung dalam arena judicial review di Mahkamah Konstitusi tahun 2003 dan 2012, dan konflik politik di DPR dalam pembentukan Pansus BBM tahun 2008, serta perumusan APBN-P tahun 2012. Ada anggapan bahwa UU Migas sangat liberal, ditunggangi kepentingan asing dan bertentangan dengan UUD 1945, serta mengancam hajat hidup orang banyak. Oleh karena itu, rumusan masalah yang hendak diteliti adalah bagaimana karakter ideologis dari UU Migas dan pengaruhnya terhadap peran aktif negara dalam tata kelola migas? Bagaimana dinamika konflik tersebut berlangsung? Serta bagaimana konflik politik tersebut diselesaikan?.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Pengumpulan data melalui studi kepustakaan dan wawancara mendalam. Sedangkan teori yang digunakan adalah teori Ideologi Seliger , Liberalisme Ekonomi Hayek , Nasionalisme Ekonomi List , Konflik dan Konsensus Politik Rauf dan Cosser , serta teori MNC Gilpin. Kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan karakter ideologis UU Migas yang liberal telah meminimalisasi peran negara untuk mengatur harga BBM, pengelolaan langsung usaha hulu dan hilir, pemberian kewenangan monopoli pada BUMN, serta membatasi ekspansi asing di hulu dan hilir migas. Hal tersebut memicu penolakan di MK dan DPR dengan justifikasi nasionalisme ekonomi untuk mengembalikan peranan negara dalam tata kelola migas. Justifikasi ideologis bersifat operatif, baik untuk kepentingan mengamankan akses terhadap sumber daya migas maupun akses terhadap posisi kekuasaan politik. Konflik berakhir dengan penyelesaian yang diterima semua pihak dan menjadi katup penyelamat bagi kepentingan bersama. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan adanya gelombang nasionalisme ekonomi yang diartikulasikan dengan mekanisme judicial review untuk menentang berbagai kebijakan yang liberal. Judicial review di MK menjadi arena konflik politik baru selain arena legislasi di DPR. Implikasi teoritis dari penelitian ini, teori liberalisme ekonomi Hayek cenderung kurang memadai untuk menjelaskan anomali adanya liberalisasi yang dipadukan dengan perencanaan pemerintah seperti kebijakan target lifting, subsidi dan cost recovery. Teori MNC Gilpin juga cenderung kurang memadai untuk menjelaskan terjadinya infesiensi MNC Migas dalam produksi migas dengan naiknya cost recovery. Sementara itu, teori ideologi Seliger relevan untuk menjelaskan terjadinya justifikasi ideologis operatif dalam relasi konflik. Begitu pula dengan teori konflik Rauf dan katup penyelamat Cosser relevan untuk menjelaskan masalah penelitian.Kata kunci :konflik migas, ideologi, liberalisme, nasionalisme, MNC dan katup penyelamat.

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The background of this dissertation is the political conflicts incited by the implementation of Act No. 22 of 2001 on Oil and Gas which occurred during 2003-12012. The conflicts took several forms during this time period: a judicial review in the constitutional court 2003 and 2012 , the formation process of a special assembly on oil and gas 2008 , and the formulation of the changes in government budget. These problems are mainly caused by the perception that the act is very liberal, benefits foreign interests, contradicts the Constitution, and endangers the wellbeing of many. Based on these facts, this dissertation aims to research three matters: 1 the ideological character of the act and its effect on the state's governance on oil and gas; 2 the dynamics of the conflict; and 3 the resolve of the conflict. The methodology of this research is qualitative and uses case studies, while the data is primarily collected through literary reviews and indepth interviews. Seliger's ideology theory, Hayek's economic liberalism theory, List's economic nationalism, Rauf and Cosser's conflict and consensus theory, as well as Gilpin's MNC theory are used in this dissertation.

This research reveals that the ideological character of the Oil and Gas Act, which is liberal, minimizes the state's role in setting the price, managing the businesses, giving state-owned enterprise authority to monopolize, and limiting foreign expansion in the oil and gas sector. Due to these reasons, the Constitutional Court rejected the act by using economic nationalism as a justifying argument. The purpose is to secure the state's accessibility to oil and gas resources, as well as to secure political sovereignty. The conflict ended with a settlement that is accepted by all parties and became the rescue valve of mutual interests.

The principal findings of this study reveal that a wave of economic nationalism was evident, and was articulated through judicial review, which opposes various liberal policies. Aside from legislation in the People's Representative Assembly, it became the new birthplace and arena of political conflicts. The theoretical implication of this study is that Hayek's economic liberalism theory is often irrelevant, mainly because of its inability to elaborate the anomalies regarding liberalization and the government's plan, such as lifting target, subsidies, and cost recovery. Gilpin's MNC theory proves to be irrelevant because it fails to explain the production inefficiency of oil and gas MNC in relations to the increase of cost recovery. Meanwhile, Seliger's ideology theory is relevant for it explains the occurrence of operative ideological justification in relations to conflict. This also applies Rauf and Cosser's conflict theory.Keywords: oil and gas conflict, liberalism, nationalism, multinational corporations, and safety valve."