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"ABSTRAKAfter four years of implementation of the Village Fund Program, although there were concrete results from the implementation of programs such as the establishment of various basic infrastructures in many villages, the number of cases of misuse of village funds by village heads showed that there were still serious problems in the governance of program implementation and accountability. In many cases, this is due to the ineffective participation of the village community in implementing the program. There is no community participation at all, or even if the community participate, their inability to support the weak village governments in managing village funds properly has resulted in the ineffective implementation of programs and uncontrolled corruption. In this regard, there is a strong correlation of the level of competence and public education with the effectiveness of community participation. A better level of community knowledge will not only increase the level of community participation in the process of policymaking and the implementation of the program but also the quality of the policies made and the results of programs that affect the community. To implement the Village Fund Program effectively and to derive better results through more effective community participation, the Indonesian Government must focus its efforts on increasing communitys capacity to participate in program implementation both through formal and informal education or enhance the role of Non Governmental Organizations in community empowerment. "

"Gender based family planning (FP) services implies the improvement of the equity and the role of men/husbands in FP and reproductive health. However, after 30 years of government-supported FP program in Indonesia, the participation of men is tow. Few studies have been conducted in effort to understand the causes of low male participation in FP in wide-diverse regions of Indonesia. To understand these causes in its intervention districts (OKI in South Sumatera, Tasikmalaya in West Java, Singkawang in West Kalimantan and Kupang in East Nusa Tenggara) . The United Nations Population Fund Country Office Indonesia Guided a study of the causes of low male participation in FP. Field data coiiection was conducted during December 2004 through January 2005. The number of reproductive age couples in the study is 639. The results of the study show that the percentage of husbands who were practicing a male FP method was higher among couples whose wives were older, who had no children, whose wives or husbands had senior high school education or higher, who came from higher income families, whose wives were currently working or ever worked and husbands were currently working, who believed that socio-cultural norms or religions values were against FP practice, who had easy access to male sterilization services and to male condom, who lived in urban areas and whose wives approved of male FP practice. After controlling the other factors, the background characteristics that statistically and significantly affect the probability ever or currently practicing a male FP method in the study location are wife's age, husband's education, household income district of residence, access to male condom and wife's attitude toward male FP practice."