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"ABSTRAKThis paper investigates the determinants of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflow, focusing on the effect of labor productivity in the Indonesian manufacturing sector. Indonesia has the advantage of abundant labor supply in attracting FDI to bring positive externalities to its economy. Based on this background, this paper is aimed to study and to improve FDI inflow through a random effect analysis of 19 manufacturing industries from 2001 to 2014. The empirical result shows that labor productivity, wages, and export have become significant factors that attract FDI. FDI inflow in this sector tends to target non-labor industries. For the labor-intensive industries, the primary strategy is to increase labor quality through improvement in education, training, internship program, and worker certification. Improving research and development climate, and maintaining the quality of labor through health and social protection regulation can attain improvement in non-labor intensive industries."

"ABSTRAKThe development of the manufacturing industry is one of the standards for Indonesia's development as a developing country. Domestic investment (DI) and foreign direct investment (FDI) can meet investment needs in this industry. This paper focuses on the nexus of the two types of investment in meeting investment needs in the manufacturing industry and the influence of those investments in relatively capital-intensive and relatively labor-intensive industrial groups. The aim is to evaluate the role of both types of investments and their benefits to the economy not only to the value-added but also in transferring technology and knowledge spillover from FDI to DI. The panel data regression was first to do to observe the differences between groups of relatively capital-intensive industrial samples and relatively labor-intensive industrial samples. The comparison results show that there are significant differences between the two industry groups so that it can be regressed on these two sample types, apart from the regression of the overall sample. The overall sample found that both FDI and DI influence the value-added of the manufacturing industry."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat hubungan antara Perusahaan FDI dengan intensitas energi pada industri manufaktur Indonesia dan sub-sektor industri . Data yang digunakan berasal dari Survei Industri Manufaktur diperoleh dari Badan Pusat Statistik BPS dengan periode observasi 2007-2015. Model pada penelitian ini diestimasi menggunakan metode estimasi fixed effect. Hasil estimasi dari model menunjukkan bahwa perusahaan FDI berkorelasi negatif terhadap intensitas energi artinya terdapat penurunan intensitas energi atau efisiensi energi. Sedangkan pada sub-sektor industri, perusahaan FDI menunjukkan intensitas energi yang bervariasi, akibat dari karakteristik yang berbeda pada sub-sektor industri. Sementara itu, analisis tambahan pada sub-sektor padat energi, sub-sektor industri galian bukan logam menunjukan hasil negatif dan signifikan terhadap intesitas energi. Namun, pada sub-sektor logam dasar menunjukkan hasil positif signifikan. Hal tersebut mungkin disebabkan oleh efek teknik dari sub-sektor industri tersebut masih rendah sehingga tidak terjadi penurunan intensitas energi.

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ABSTRACTThis study aimed to analyse the relationship between FDI firms with energy intensity in Indonesian manufacturing industry and its sub-sector. The data used are from the Manufacturing Industry Survey obtained from the Central Statistiks Agency BPS with observation period 2007-2015. The model in this study were estimated used the fixed effect estimation method. Estimation results from the model showed FDI firms tend to had a negatifly correlated to the energy intensity that mean there is a decrease in energy intensity which indicates energy efficiency. In the industrial sub-sector FDI firms show varying correlation with the energy intensities. in additional, sub-sector with high energy intensif showed the non-metal excavation industry sector had a negatifly correlation and significant results on energy intensity, However, the base metals sector showed significant positive results that might occur due to the engineering effect of this industrial sector which was so low that there was no decrease in energy intensity."

"Penelitian ini mempelajari faktor-faktor penentu arus masuk FDI di sektor manufaktur di Indonesia, dan memusatkan perhatian pada pengaruh produktivitas tenaga kerja terhadap arus masuk FDI. Studi ini menggunakan data dari 19 industri di sektor manufaktur Indonesia dari tahun 2001 sampai dengan 2014 dengan menggunakan metode Random Effects. Analisis empiris menunjukkan bahwa produktivitas kerja, upah, dan ekspor telah menjadi faktor signifikan yang mempengaruhi investasi asing langsung di industri ini selama periode penelitian, dimana variable-variabel ini berhubungan positif dengan masuknya FDI. Analisis lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan dummy variable juga menunjukkan bahwa arus masuk FDI di sektor ini cenderung menargetkan industri yang tidak tergolong industri padat karya. Industri jenis ini biasanya memerlukan ketrampilan tenaga kerja yang lebih tinggi dan tingkat teknologi yang lebih rumit, sehingga menghasilkan produktivitas kerja yang lebih tinggi. Ini menunjukkan bahwa metode alokasi FDI perusahaan asing di industri-industri tersebut cenderung meningkatkan modal dibanding mempekerjakan lebih banyak sumber daya manusia. Dengan demikian, hasil penelitian ini mendasari pendekatan yang berbeda untuk meningkatkan setiap variabel berdasarkan intensitas faktor produksi industri. Untuk industri padat karya, strategi utama untuk menarik FDI adalah meningkatkan kualitas tenaga kerja melalui peningkatan pendidikan, pelatihan, program magang, dan sertifikasi pekerja. Pemerintah juga perlu mendorong pengembangan industri kecil melalui dukungan finansial dan teknis. Di sisi lain, peningkatan produktivitas tenaga kerja di industri bukan padat karya dapat dicapai dengan memperbaiki iklim penelitian dan pengembangan tehnologi, dan menjaga kualitas tenaga kerja melalui peraturan perlindungan kesehatan dan sosial.

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This paper investigates the determinants of FDI inflow in Indonesian manufacturing sector, and focusing on the effect of labor productivity on FDI inflow. This study employs the data from 19 industries within Indonesian manufacturing sector from 2001 to 2014 using Random Effects method. The empirical analysis shows that labor productivity, wages, and export have become significant factors that affect foreign direct investment in manufacturing industries during the period of the research. These variables are positively related to FDI inflow. Further analysis using dummy variable also suggests that FDI inflow in this sector tends to target non labor intensive industries rather than labor intensive industries. Non labor intensive industries typically require higher labor skill and higher level of technology, thus creating higher labor productivity. This indicates the method of foreign firms rsquo FDI allocation in the industries which was to increase capital rather than to employ a larger number of workers. Thus, this particular finding generates different approaches to improve each variable based on production factor intensities of the industries. For the labor intensive industries, the main strategy to attract FDI is to increase labor quality through improvement in education, training, internship program, and worker certification. The government also needs to encourage the development of small industries through financial and technical supports. On the other hand, improvement in labor productivity in non labor intensive industries can be attained by improving research and development climate, and maintaining the quality of labor through health and social protection regulation."

"Penelitian ini membahas mengenai pengaruh keberadaan FDI terhadap kinerja ekspor perusahaan domestik melalui keterkaitan industri secara horizontal, backward dan forward pada industri manufaktur di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data level perusahaan dari Survey Industri Manufaktur Besar dan Sedang yang dilakukan oleh Badan Pusat Statistik periode tahun 2008 – 2015. Penelitian ini diestimasi dengan menggunakan metode Heckman selection. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keberadaan FDI terhadap aktivitas ekspor perusahaan domestik melalui backward spillover berdampak positif, namun melalui horizontal spillover berdampak negatif. Sedangkan dampak keberadaan FDI melalui forward spillover menunjukkan hasil yang beragam, dimana berdampak positif terhadap nilai ekspor dan berdampak negatif terhadap share ekspor.

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This study discusses the impact of FDI presence on domestic firms’ export in Indonesia through spillover channels from industrial linkage. This study uses firm-level data from the Large and Medium Manufacturing Industry for the period 2008 – 2015 and is estimated using the Heckman selection method. The results showed that the existence of FDI on domestic firms’ export activities through backward spillover had a positive impact but through horizontal spillover had a negative impact. Meanwhile, the impact of FDI through forward spillover shows mixed results, which have a positive impact on export values and a negative impact on export shares."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur pengaruh Foreign Direct Investment terhadap nilai tambah industri pengolahan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan data dari 24 sub sektor industri pengolahan menurut Klasifikasi Baku Lapangan Usaha Indonesia. Data yang digunakan pada studi ini yaitu: data realisasi FDI dan PMDN (bersumber dari BKPM); data nilai tambah, jumlah tenaga kerja, modal tetap, biaya input produksi dan pengeluaran tenaga kerja (bersumber dari Badan Pusat Statistik). Metode estimasi yang digunakan adalah Feasible Generalized Least Square dengan Fixed Effect, dengan periode tahun yaitu 2009 hingga 2019. Hasil peneltian ini menunjukkan bahwa FDI dan beberapa variabel terkait memberikan pengaruh positif yang signifikan terhadap nilai tambah industri pengolahan di Indonesia.

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This study aims to measure the effect of Foreign Direct Investment to value-added of manufacturing industry in Indonesia. This study uses data from 24 manufacturing sub-sectors according to the Indonesian Standard Industrial Classification. The data used in this study are: FDI and PMDN realization data (sourced from BKPM); data of value added, labor, fixed capital, production input costs and labor expenditures (sourced from Central Bureau of Statistic). The estimation method used is Feasible Generalized Least Square with Fixed Effect, with a period of years from 2009 to 2019. The results of this study indicate that FDI and several related variables have a significant positive effect on the value added of the manufacturing industry in Indonesia."

"ASEAN dikenal sebagai kawasan yang memiliki beberapa keunggulan komparatif yang dapat menarik dan mendorong peningkatan FDI. Indonesia sebagai Chairmanship ASEAN 2023, mengangkat tema “ASEAN Matters: Epicentrum of Growth”. Namun, terdapat dua permasalahan mendasar, seperti restriksi FDI di sektor telekomunikasi dan rendahnya aktivitas R&D yang berimplikasi terhadap rendahnya kegiatan inovatif hingga menyebabkan deindustrialisasi di ASEAN. Demikian, untuk menjawab persoalan tersebut, penelitian iniakan menganalisis pengaruh FDI terhadap peluang inovasi perusahaan manufaktur dengan pendekatan model CDM. Melalui metode Heckman Selection Model dan Probit, ditemukan bahwa adanya FDI cenderung menurunkan pengeluaran R&D. Padahal, hasil dari pengeluaran R&D, memiliki hubungan yang positif dan signifikan terhadap peluang inovasi perusahaan manufaktur. Selain itu, ditemukan bahwa inovasi di ASEAN bukan dari aktivitas R&D, melainkan berasal dari R&D pihak asing yang telah dilakukan di negara asalnya.

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ASEAN is known as a region that has several comparative advantages that can attract and encourage increased FDI. Indonesia as the 2023 ASEAN Chairmanship, raised the theme "ASEAN Matters: Epicentrum of Growth". However, there are two fundamental problems, such as FDI restrictions in the telecommunications sector and low R&D activity which has implications for low innovative activity leading to deindustrialization in ASEAN. Thus, to answer this problem, this study will analyze the effect of FDI on innovation opportunities for manufacturing companies using the CDM model approach. Through the Heckman Selection Model and Probit methods, it was found that the presence of FDI tends to reduce R&D spending. In fact, the results of R&D spending have a positive and significant relationship to manufacturing company innovation opportunities. In addition, it was found that innovation in ASEAN was not from R&D activities, but came from foreign R&D that had been carried out in their home countries."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh ekspor, impor, dan foreign direct investment (FDI) terhadap inovasi perusahaan manufaktur baik secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. Sampel yang digunakan adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdapat di Statistik Industri Besar dan Sedang (IBS) Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) tahun 2008-2015 serta data tambahan dari World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) tahun 2015. Menggunakan model Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) dengan metode estimasi fixed effect, hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa ekspor dan FDI memiliki pengaruh positif secara langsung terhadap inovasi perusahaan. Berbeda dengan ekspor dan FDI, impor memiliki pengaruh tidak langsung melalui channel konsentrasi pasar. Pada stage pertama, impor signifikan berpengaruh positif terhadap konsentrasi pasar. Kemudian pada stage kedua, konsentrasi pasar terbukti memiliki pengaruh negatif terhadap inovasi perusahaan manufaktur. 

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This study aims to determine the impact of exports, imports, and foreign direct investment (FDI) on the innovation of manufacturing companies, either directly or indirectly. The sample used is manufacturing companies listed in the Statistics of Large and Medium Industries (IBS) of the Central Bureau of Statistics in 2008-2015, as well as additional data from the World Bank Enterprise Survey (WBES) in 2015. Using the Two-Stage Least Square (2SLS) model with the fixed effect estimation method, the results of this study indicate that exports and FDI have a direct positive impact on company innovation. In contrast, imports have an indirect effect through market concentration channels. In the first stage, imports have a significant positive impact on market concentration. Then in the second stage, market concentration is proven to impact manufacturing companies' innovation negatively."