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"Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisa hubungan kausalitas Granger antara variabel peringkat risiko negara, ketidakpastian kebijakan ekonomi (EPU), sentimen investor dan harga minyak terhadap returns saham secara spesifik di pasar negara berkembang selama periode Januari 2010 hingga Desember 2019 dengan menggunakan model kausalitas nonlinear non-parametrik Granger serta Vector Error Correction Model (VECM), dan hasil dari penelitian menemukan hubungan kausalitas Granger-VECM jangka pendak dan jangka panjang pada variabel harga minyak yang cukup signifikan dalam memprediksi returns saham di pasar negara berkembang serta dibutuhkan penelitian lebih lanjut atas penggunaan Credit Default Swap sebagai proksi variabel peringkat risiko negara dalam memprediksi returns saham.

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This research analyzes the causal relationship between country risk rating, economic policy uncertainty (EPU), investor sentiment, oil prices and equity returns in several emerging markets over  a decade. We use the nonlinear non-parametric Granger causality model and Vector Error Correction model to describe and investigate the causal correlation between country risk rating, economic policy uncertainty, oil prices, and investor sentiment and equity returns at the original level. We find Granger causal relationship-VECM with oil prices to predict stock returns in emerging markets and further research is suggested to investigate the usage of Credit Default Swap as country risk rating proxy to predict stock markets returns."

"This note presents a significant implication of spatial variation in housing facilities within the context of urban economic planning. Elasticity of housing supply are elaborated in conjunction with density gradient principle, and mathematical interpretation of a profit function for a firm supplying housing facilities is discussed. The pattern of land use for housing purposes is further implied in terms of distance, relative share of input factors and substitution effect between inputs."