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"Penelitian ini bertujuan mengembangkan model pengukuran inklusi keuangan dengan memasukkan perkembangan keuangan digital dan mengidentifikasi hubungannya terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara berkembang. Data yang digunakan yaitu 51 negara berkembang untuk tahun 2014 dan 2017. Metode yang digunakan dalam membangun indeks inklusi keuangan digital adalah principal component analysis (PCA). Sedangkan metode yang digunakan untuk mengetahui hubungan inklusi keuangan digital dan ekonomi pertumbuhan adalah Fix Effect Model (FEM). Hasil penelitian menemukan indeks inklusi keuangan digital di negara berkembang berada pada kategori menengah. Perbandingan dengan penelitian lain menunjukkan bahwa indeks inklusi keuangan penelitian ini menguatkan mereka. Kemudian, untuk hasil pengujian pengaruh inklusi keuangan digital terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara berkembang, penelitian ini menemukan bahwa inklusi keuangan digital meningkatkan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara berkembang.

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This study aims to develop a model for measuring financial inclusion by incorporating the development of digital finance and identifying its relationship to economic growth in developing countries. The data used are 51 developing countries for 2014 and 2017. The method used in building a digital financial inclusion index is principal component analysis (PCA). While the method used to determine the relationship between digital financial inclusion and economic growth is the Fix Effect Model (FEM). The results of the study found that the digital financial inclusion index in developing countries was in the middle category. Comparison with other studies shows that the financial inclusion index of this study strengthens them. Then, for the results of testing the effect of digital financial inclusion on economic growth in developing countries, this study finds that digital financial inclusion increases economic growth in developing countries."

"Machine generated contents note: pt. I Objectives and political economy of social protection reforms1.Rescuing social protection from the poverty trap: new programmes and historical lessons /​ Sarah Cook2.Social protection for poverty reduction: approaches, effectiveness and challenges /​ Armando Barrientos3.The political economy of social protection reforms in developing countries: what is to be explained and how? /​ Katja Bender4.Social cohesion: does it matter for growth and development? /​ Annalisa Prizzonpt. II The legal framework of social protection reforms5.The human rights-based approach to social protection /​ Markus Kaltenborn6.The role of law and legal institutions in the reform of social protection systems: experiences from South Africa /​ Ockert Dupper7.The role of the law of regional organisations in reforms of social protection systems: portability of social security benefits in the East African Community /​ Tulia AcksonContents note continued: 8.Reforms of social protection systems in Latin America: the legal context /​ Lorena Ossio Bustillospt. III Political feasibility of basic social protection9.Attitudes towards hard work and redistributive preferences in developing countries /​ Anil Duman10.Populous, precarious - protected? The paradox of social security for South Asian agricultural workers /​ Karin Astrid Siegmann11.Whom to target - an obvious choice? /​ Franziska Gassmann12.003E How to target: overview on current targeting methods in social protection /​ Christian Pfleidererpt. IV Social protection systems: between fragmentation and integration13.Building social protection and labour systems /​ Ian Walker14.The political economy of social protection reforms in Indonesia /​ Bambang Widianto15.Social protection reforms in Vietnam: experiences and challenges /​ Matthias MeissnerContents note continued: 16.Social protection: political reform and policy innovations in South Asia /​ Gabriele Koehler17.Caring for the urban middle class: the political economy of social protection in Arab countries /​ Markus Loewept. V Social protection reforms: international contexts18.Building national social protection floors and social security systems: the ILO's two-dimensional social security strategy /​ Christina Behrendt19.Developing countries' social protection measures in reaction to the global economic and financial crisis /​ Nina Thelen20.Social protection and the four horsemen of the donor apocalypse /​ Nicholas Freeland."

"Pariwisata telah menjadi sektor penting dalam perekonomian selama beberapa dekade terakhir, namun dampak pariwisata terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi masih diperdebatkan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk meneliti hubungan jangka panjang antara pariwisata dan pertumbuhan ekonomi di negara-negara ASEAN serta hubungan sebab akibat di antara keduanya. Penelitian ini menggunakan panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (panel ARDL) dan data dari World Tourism Organization dan World Development Indicator. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pariwisata memiliki dampak yang signifikan dan positif terhadap pertumbuhan ekonomi dalam jangka panjang. Selain itu, hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan bahwa terdapat kausalitas dua arah antara pariwisata inbound dan pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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Tourism has become an important sector in the economy over recent decades, but the impact of tourism on economic growth is still debated. The purpose of this paper is to investigates the long-run relationship between tourism and economic growth in ASEAN countries as well as the causal linkages between them. This study uses panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (panel ARDL) and data from the World Tourism Organization and the World Development Indicator. The results suggest that tourism has significant and positive impact on economic growth in the long run, supporting the tourism-led growth hypothesis. Furthermore, the results also indicate that there is bidirectional causality between inbound tourism and economic growth."