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"This text had twoeditions, several reprints, and translations in other languages. However, the differentpace of the revisions of the two volumes suggested to make them self-contained andindependent from each other. The volume covering trade was published in 1998(second edition 2014) under the title International Trade Theory and Policy. Thisis the second edition of the volume covering international finance (the first editionwas published in 2001). This new edition contains a wealth of additional materialthat has been introduced thanks to the suggestions of colleagues and students and tothe comments contained in book reviews. All has been thoroughly classroom testedin both undergraduate and graduate courses in various universities in Italy and other countries."

"Sierra Leone mengalami masalah trade defisit yang persisten. Saat ini terdapat kekosongan literatur yang mengungkap bagaimana interaksi antara variabel makroekonomi telah mempengaruhi trade defisit di Sierra Leone dengan data yang relatif terkini dan metode yang dapat mengatasi isu non-stationarity dan interaksi dinamis antar variabel. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menguji hubungan antara neraca perdagangan, inflasi, dan nilai tukar Sierra Leone dengan menggunakan data kuartalan dari Q1 tahun 2005 hingga Q3 tahun 2023. Fokusnya adalah pada pemahaman bagaimana nilai tukar dan inflasi berdampak pada neraca perdagangan Sierra Leone baik dalam jangka pendek maupun jangka panjang. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, model VAR/VECM digunakan untuk menangkap interaksi dinamis antara neraca perdagangan, nilai tukar, dan inflasi. Kemudian metode Kausalitas Granger digunakan untuk menentukan urutan yang paling tepat di antara variabel-variabel makroekonomi dalam model, dilanjutkan dengan analisis Impulse Response Function (IRF) untuk menguji hipotesis tentang respons neraca perdagangan terhadap guncangan nilai tukar dan inflasi. Hasil empiris mengkonfirmasi adanya kointegrasi, yang menunjukkan keseimbangan jangka panjang antara neraca perdagangan, nilai tukar, inflasi, dan variabel makroekonomi lainnya seperti tingkat PDB riil dan perbedaan suku bunga. Selain itu, analisis dinamis dengan metode IRF mendukung hipotesis kurva-J di Sierra Leone dan mengkonfirmasi bahwa inflasi dapat menurunkan kinerja neraca perdagangan. Temuan-temuan ini menunjukkan perlunya Sierra Leone menerapkan strategi komprehensif yang tidak hanya bertujuan untuk menyesuaikan nilai tukar tetapi juga mengendalikan inflasi guna memperbaiki neraca perdagangan dan meningkatkan stabilitas perekonomian eksternal.

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Sierra Leone experiences a persistent trade deficit problem. Currently, there is a vacuum in the literature employing recent data and suitable approaches to address the issue of non-stationarity and dynamic interaction between macroeconomic variables in influencing the trade deficit in Sierra Leone. This study examines the relationship between Sierra Leone's trade balance, inflation, and exchange rate using quarterly data from 2005 Q1 to 2023 Q3. The focus is on understanding how the exchange rate and inflation impact Sierra Leone's trade balance in both the short and long term. To achieve this, the study utilizes the VAR/VECM model to depict the dynamic interaction between the trade balance, exchange rate, and inflation. It also employs Granger Causality analysis to determine the most appropriate ordering among the macroeconomic variables in the model and Impulse Response Function (IRF) analysis to test the hypotheses regarding the trade balance response to exchange rate shocks and inflation. The empirical results confirm the existence of cointegration, indicating a long-term balance between the trade balance, exchange rate, inflation, and other macroeconomic variables such as GDP growth and interest rate differentials. Moreover, the dynamic prediction analysis using the IRF method supports the J-curve hypothesis in Sierra Leone and suggests that inflation can reduce the performance of the trade balance. These findings highlight the need for Sierra Leone to implement a comprehensive strategy to adjust the exchange rate and curb inflation to improve the trade balance and enhance external economic stability. "