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"Tesis ini membahas dampak program Kredit Usaha Rakyat terhadap pendapatan dan konsumsi rumah tangga tahun 2008-2011. Data FSAM 2005 digunakan penulis dengan tujuan untuk menangkap dampak kesejahteraan untuk rumah tangga serta siapa yang paling diuntungkan oleh program tersebut. Untuk menjelaskan dampak tersebut, penelitian menggunakan analisis multiplier serta dekomposisi pengganda guna mengetahui sektor yang memberikan dampak terbesar.Hasilnya, sektor utama yang memiliki income multiplier terbesar untuk empat tipe rumah tangga cenderung seragam meski memiliki urutan yang berbeda yaitu sektor pertanian formal dan informal, pertambangan informal, sektor jasa formal dan perdagangan, hotel dan restoran formal. Sedangkan polapola pengeluaran rumah tangga untuk komoditas bisa dikelompokkan dalam empat besar yakni pertanian, manufacturing, keuangan dan jasa. Rumah Tangga Miskin terbesar mengeluarkan pendapatannya untuk komoditas manufacturing, pertanian, jasa dan keuangan.Penelitian ini juga melakukan simulasi kebijakan untuk menjelaskan dampak total pasca shock KUR sebesar Rp 62,9 triliun kucuran dana KUR selama empat tahun. Hasilnya, semua tipe rumah tangga mendapatkan keuntungan dari KUR. Tetapi rumah tangga desa tidak miskinlah yang mendapatkan penerimaan terbesar yakni 10,43 kali lipat pendapatannya dibanding rumah tangga desa miskin 9,37.

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The focus of this study is to measure the impact Kredit Usaha Rakyat (KUR) on household incomes and consumption in 2008-2011. FSAM 2005 data was used to capture the impact of welfare for the household and which household gain the most benefit from the program. Multiplier and decomposition multiplier analysis were used to determine sector impact for four type of household.

Major finding are KUR will rising income and consumption for all type household. If KUR channeled to sector with big income multiplier may result more impact for targeted household. Those sector are agriculture (formal and informal sector), mining (informal), trade, hotel and restaurant (formal).

Result after simulation shows that after injection KUR Rp 12 trillion (2008) will rising income for rural unpoor household 10,39 times from initial. But rural poor household only rise their income by 9,34 times."

"Private transfer have important role in economic landscape. Unlike in developed countries, many people in developing countries must depend on financial transfer from their children as main of old-age support. Therefore, transfer from children replaces the function of social security institution that insure elderly to enjoy smoothing consumption over his or her remain lifetime. Therefore, parents finance human capital investment to their children and, in return, children repay their loan by providing support (in form monetary transfer) for their parents. This article aimsto examine the role of level education of children, intensity of contact and geographic proximity on intergenerational transfer, especially income transfer from children, using data from Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS). By controlling for any characteristics of children (i.e., age, gender and marital status) and characteristics of parent (activity, parent's education and health status), the results show that education of children has significant and systematic effect on child-to-parent income transfer, i.e: the higher education level, the higher amount of transfer. Additionally, both money transfer and commodity base transfer have significant relationship with parent's regularly activity. To some extent, these findings are consistent with idea that children area the important source of old-age support security, especially in developing countries."

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Dalam ilmu ekonomi pembangunan, infrastruktur fisik dan sosial telah dikenal dapat mempengaruhi ketimpangan pendapatan walaupun hasilnya berbeda-beda. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dampak pembangunan infrastruktur fisik dan sosial terhadap ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini menyusun indeks infrastruktur dan mengestimasi dampak infrastruktur menggunakan panel data dari 34 provinsi di Indonesia pada periode 2009-2017. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa infrastruktur fisik cenderung berkontribusi pada peningkatan ketimpangan pendapatan, walaupun tidak robust secara signifikansi. Pembangunan infrastruktur sosial di Indonesia juga cenderung meningkatkan ketimpangan pendapatan meskipun hasilnya juga tidak robust secara signifikansi.

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In the economic development field, physical and social infrastructures have been argued to affect income inequality despite the mixed results. This study examines the impact of physical and social infrastructure on income inequality in Indonesia. This study constructs infrastructure summary indices and estimates the impacts of infrastructure using 34 provincial unbalanced panel data during 2009-2017 in Indonesia. The main finding of this study is that physical infrastructure tends to increase income inequality in Indonesia, although it is not robustly significant. Similarly, social infrastructure is also positively associated with income inequality increases in Indonesia though not robustly significant.

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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui peran harga, pendapatan, dan selera terhadap konsumsi pangan lokal di Provinsi Papua. Penelitian ini menggunakan data Survei Sosial Ekonomi Nasional (SUSENAS) tahun 2019 dari Badan Pusat Statistik. Metode yang digunakan adalah Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) dengan estimator Iterated Linear Least Square (ILLS). Hasilnya adalah peningkatan pendapatan sangat berdampak pada peningkatan konsumsi pangan lokal di daerah kota dan pendapatan tinggi dibandingkan di daerah desa dan pendapatan rendah. Peran harga pangan lokal sangat penting karena bersifat elastis yaitu ketika harga pangan lokal meningkat akan mengurangi proporsi konsumsi pangan lokal meskipun di kompensasi oleh pendapatan.

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The objective of this study is to determine the role of price, income, and tastes on local food consumption in Papua Province. This study used the 2019 National Socio-Economic Survey (SUSENAS). The method used is Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System (QUAIDS) with Iterated Linear Least Square (ILLS) estimator. The results are the increase in income affects the local food consumption in urban areas with high incomes as opposed to rural areas with low incomes. The role of local food prices is very important because consumption local food will reduce if the price increase even though it is compensated by income."

"Underground economy dapat mendistorsi perekonomi karena membatasi efektivitas kebijakan, dan menyebabkan meningkatnya erosi basis pajak yang kemudian dapat menciptakan sistem pajak yang tidak efisien. Keberadaan underground economy sendiri juga dapat menjadi salah satu penyebab ketimpangan. Studi ini menganalisis hubungan antara underground economy dan ketimpangan pendapatan di Indonesia menggunakan model ECM. Berdasarkan data dari tahun 1980-2020, penelitian kami menunjukkan tren penurunan ukuran underground economy, dari 59,6% pada tahun 1980 menjadi 20,1% pada tahun 2020, namun dengan ukuran rata-rata underground economy, sebesar 31,59%, masih tinggi dibandingkan dengan negara lain. Studi kami juga menunjukkan bagaimana ekonomi bawah tanah mempengaruhi ketimpangan, dimana peningkatan ukuran 1% underground economy menyebabkan peningkatan indeks ketimpangan (koefisien gini) 0,13 persen. Selain itu juga menunjukkan sinyal bahwa efek jangka panjang dari underground economy terhadap ketimpangan lebih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, kebijakan pemerintah yang bertujuan mengatasi ketimpangan sebaiknya juga perlu mengatasi hal yang mendasari dan mendorong underground economy.

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The underground economy can distort the economy as it limits policies effectiveness, and it implies of an increasing tax base erosion which further creates an inefficient tax system. The existence of an underground economy may also be one of the causes of prevalent inequality. This study analyzes the relationship between the underground economy and income inequality in Indonesia using the ECM model. Based on data from 1980-2020, our study shows the trend of a decrease in UE, from 59,6% in 1980 to 20,1% in 2020, yet the average size of underground economy, which is 31.59%, is still high in comparison to other countries. Our study also shows how underground economy affects inequality, an increase of 1% in the size of underground economy leads to an increase of 0.13 percent in the Gini Coefficient. There is also a signal that the long-run effect of underground economy to inequality is higher. Therefore, policies aiming to tackle inequality may also need to address the basic and driving forces of underground economy."