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"In this book we have mainly focused on physiological, biochemical, molecular and genetic bases of crop development and related approaches that can be used for crop improvement under environmental adversaries. In addition, the adverse effects of different biotic (diseases, pathogens etc.) and abiotic (salinity, drought, high temperatures, metals etc) stresses on crop development and the potential strategies to enhance crop productivity under stressful environments are also discussed."

"Covering the forefront of crop stress research, this book reviews progress in distinguishing and diminishing the effects of biotic stress from pests and pathogens, and abiotic stress caused by chemicals, radiation and extremes of temperature and moisture."

"Kawasan Gunung Patuha merupakan kawasan agropolitan dengan lanskap berupa areal budi daya tanaman pangan. Untuk mengaturkehidupan, masyarakat membudidayakan tanaman pangan di areal pertanian, perkebunan teh, dan hutan. Pengukuran aset mata pencaharian masyarakat sangat penting karena orang yang tinggal di ketinggian berbeda memiliki akses terhadap aset mata pencaharian yang berbeda. Perbedaan kepemilikan aset mata pencaharian mempengaruhi pilihan strategi mata pencaharian yang dibuat oleh masyarakat. Selain melaksanakan kegiatan budidaya tanaman pangan, strategi mata pencaharian masyarakat yang harus dilakukan adalah mendiversifikasi mata pencaharian untuk memenuhi mata pencahariannya. Aset mata pencaharian masyarakat di Kawasan Pegunungan Patuha sangat besar bervariasi, secara umum kepemilikan aset mata pencaharian masyarakat berada pada kelasnya sedang sampai tinggi. Kepemilikan aset alam merupakan basis utama masyarakat mendiversifikasi mata pencaharian untuk memaksimalkan pendapatan dan meminimalkan resiko. Semakin rendah tuntutan kepemilikan aset alam mendiversifikasi semakin tinggi. Rendahnya kepemilikan aset alam bagi petani teh dan kopi menyebabkan petani melakukan diversifikasi mata pencaharian mereka memanfaatkan aset sosialnya. Sedangkan petani padi memiliki hortikultura kekuatan aset alam di ketinggian lebih dari 1.500 mdpl tidak terdiversifikasi mata pencaharian, tetapi pada ketinggian kurang dari 1.500 mdpl diversifikasi mata pencaharian. Pasalnya, masa panen 3-6 bulan sekalidan harga komoditas musiman.

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The Patuha Mountain area is an agropolitan area with a landscape in the form of an area for cultivating food crops. To regulate life, people cultivate food crops in agricultural areas, tea plantations, and forests. The measurement of community livelihood assets is very important because people living at different heights have access to different livelihood assets. Differences in ownership of livelihood assets affect the choice of livelihood strategies made by communities. Besides carrying out food plant cultivation activities, the community livelihood strategy that must be carried out is diversifying their livelihoods to meet their livelihoods. The livelihood assets of the people in the Patuha Mountains are enormous varied, in general the ownership of community livelihood assets was in the medium to high class. Ownership of natural assets is the main basis for society to diversify their livelihoods to maximize income and minimize risks. The lower the demand for natural asset ownership, the higher the diversification. The low ownership of natural assets for tea and coffee farmers causes farmers to diversify their livelihoods by utilizing their social assets. While rice farmers have horticultural strength of natural assets at an altitude of more than 1,500 masl, there is no diversification of livelihoods, but at an altitude of less than 1,500 masl of livelihood diversification. The reason is, the harvest period is once every 3-6 months and seasonal commodity prices."

"Permasalahan pangan yang dialami Indonesia ialah sulitnya petani pangan dalam melakukan ekspansi produksi dan mendapatkan modal kerja dari lembaga keuangan, karena komoditas pertanian dinilai sebagai komoditas yang tinggi risiko. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh pinjaman modal kerja dan faktor-faktorlainnya terhadap produksi pada sub-sektor tanaman pangan. Studi penelitian menggunakan data sekunder per kuartal dari publikasi Badan Pusat Statistik dan Bank Indonesia untuk menganalisa pertumbuhan sub-sektor tanaman pangan pada periode tahun 2002 hingga tahun 2016. Dengan menggunakan metode regresi linear berganda (OLS), ditemukan bahwa pinjaman modal kerja, pertumbuhan sub-sektor perkebunan, tenaga kerja sector pertanian, dan inflasi memiliki pengaruh terhadap produksi sub-sektor tanaman pangan secara signifikan.

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Indonesia is currently dealing with problems in food and agricultural sector, such as product expansion for farmers and capital loan from financial institutions, because agricultural sector considered as the risky commodity. The objective of this study is to exercise the influence of capital loan and other factors of food crop production sector. Data was collected from Indonesian Statistics Agency (BPS) and Indonesian Central Bank (BI) to analyze food crops production in 2002-2016 periods. Using Ordinary Least Square regression, the main result shows that capital loan, plantation production sector, agricultural sector labor, and inflation significantly affect the food crops production in Indonesia."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pembangunan sektor pertanian tanaman pangan dalam meningkatkan PDB dan output, dan dalmam memperbaiki distribusi pendapatan. Analisis menggunakan model Sistem Neraca Sosial Ekonomi (SNSE). Untuk menghitung dampak tersebut penulis menggunakan pengganda SNSE, pengganda dekomposisi, Analisis Jalur Struktural, dan koefisien Gini. Hasil perhitungan menunjukkan bahwa sektor pertanian tanaman pangan memiliki kontribusi terhadap penciptaan nilai tambah dan peningkatan pendapatan rumah tangga paling tinggi dibandingkan dennen sektor lainnya. Kemudian, peranan pengeluaran pemerintah di sektor pertanian tanaman pangan terlihat mampu meningkatkan PDB dan output bruto seria dapat memperbaiki distribusi pendapatan. Secara umum kebijakan peningkatan produksi tanaman pangan merupakan kebijakan yang mampu meningkatkan PDB dan pendapatan sektor pertanian tanaman pangan paling baik dibanding kebijakan lainnya

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The objective of the research is to analyze the impact of food crops sector development toward the improvement of National GDP and Output, and the improvement of income distribution. The Analysis uses Social Accounting Matrix (SAM) model. In order to accomplish the objective of this research, four tools are

used i.e.: accounting multiplier, decomposition multiplier, structural path analysis (SPA), and gini coefficient. The result shows that food crops sector has contributed toward the improvement of National GDP and Output, and the improvement of income distribution. Moreover, government expenditure in food

crops sector is able to improve National GDP and Output, and to improve income distribution. Generally, increasing production in food crops is the most effective policy to improve National GDP and to improve output in food crops sector."

"This study aimed to know performance of food crops sector in North Sumatera Province....."