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"ABSTRACTWe theoretically investigate how country-specific fixed (CSFCs) affect the international location of firms, comparative advantage, and the distribution of trade gains, by presenting a two-country trade model of monopolistic competition with CSFCs. Key settings are that the expenditure shares of a homogeneous good and composite differentiated good are constant, and that the only difference across countires is in terms of fixed costs (Ricardian aspect). E drive the following results. A country with smaller fixed costs (home country) has a greater-than-proportional share of the firms of differentiated goods, a comparative advantage in differentiated goods, and higher trade gains. A unilateral decrase in CSFCs of the home (foreign) country increases (reduces) these inequalities around the arbitrary trading qeuilibrium with incomplete specialization. When the CSFCs decrase bilaterally, the resulting impacts depend on the relative rate at which CSFCs change."

"Penelitian ini berusaha menjelaskan hubungan antara persebaran teknologi internasional (international R&D spillover) dari jalur perdagangan internasional dan FDI terhadap produktivitas (TFP) berdasarkan teori pertumbuhan endogen di Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC). Dalam penelitian ini didapat bahwa R&D spillover adalah faktor signifikan dalam mempengaruhi TFP, terutama dari jalur perdagangan. Penelitian ini juga mendapat hasil bahwa ketersediaan tenaga kerja berpendidikan merupakan faktor penting dalam meningkatkan produktivitas. Dalam perbandingan antara dua kelompok negara ANIC, didapat bahwa dalam ANIC kelas 2, persebaran teknologi dari ekspor tidak meningkatkan produktivitas. Penelitian ini menemukan juga bahwa FDI tidak menjadi jalur yang penting dalam difusi teknologi. Namun pengukuran FDI perlu ditelusuri lebih lanjut.

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This research tries to explain the relation between international R&D spillover from international trade and FDI channel with productivity (TFP) based on endogenous growth theory in Asian Newly Industrialized Countries (ANIC). In this research, it is found that R&D spillover is a significant factor in increasing TFP, especially from trade channel. It is also found that the availability of educated workers is another important factor in increasing productivity. From the comparison of the two country groups in ANIC, it is found that in ANIC Tier 2, international R&D spillover from export is not increasing productivity, yet its spillover effect is still significant. Another finding of this research is FDI is not an important channel for technology spillover. However, there is a need to further discuss the FDI spillover measurement."