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"Fokus penelitian ini adalah peer-group society orang Italia di West End, Boston pada pertengahan abad ke-20, yang dipaparkan dalam buku The Urban Villagers karya Herbert J. Gans. Tulisan ini juga mengungkapkan bagaimana pola pergaulan mereka sulit dirubah oleh caretakers atau pemerhati kota dalam upaya mendidik West Enders menjadi pelaku-pelaku kebudayaan kota industri Boston.Peer-groups merupakan kelompok-kelompok keluarga Italia yang melakukan pertemuran rutin satu hingga tiga minggu sekali di West End. Pertemuan rutin ini dimotori oleh para pria dewasa yang telah menikah dan memiliki keluarga. Pertemuan ini merupakan sarana melanggengkan hubungan serta kedekatan anak-anak laki-laki Italia disana ketika mereka dewasa. Pergaulan semacam ini dianggap tidak conform dengan pola kebudayaan kota industri seperti Boston. Tesis Gans pada bukunya mengatakan bahwa pergaulan ini merupakan gejala kelas (class phenomenon) den dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah subculture.Penelitian ini melihat gejala tersebut dari sisi yang lain. Dalam penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa apa yang membentuk kelompok-kelompok peer-group adalah ikatan emosional yang disebut solidaritas. Solidaritas muncul jika ada perasaan senasib dan sama antar pelaku interaksi sosial. Kesamaan nilai-nilai yang dianggap penting merupakan kunci ikatan emosional ini. Individualisme ditekan supaya setiap anggota kelompok mampu secara maksimal conform terhadap nilai-nilai kelompoknya. Nilai-nilai yang sama ini dapat dikenali melalui habitus lokasi West End sendiri.Habitus West End mampu menunjukkan bahwa solidaritas yang terwujud dalam kelompok-kelompok peer-group orang Italia di West End merupakan tanggapan lokalitas terhadap kesenjangan sosial ekonomi antara masyarakat kota Boston kelas menengah sebagai pelaku kebudayaan kota industri dengan orang Italia di West End yang kebanyakan lemah ekonominya.The focus of this research is the peer-group society of the Italians in West End, Boston in the middle of the twentieth century, which is discussed in Herbert J. Gans' book, The Urban Villagers. This book also reveals how difficult it is for the caretakers to change the social habits of the West Enders in the process of the adoption of the Boston urban culture.

Peer-groups are groups of the Italian families who gather regularly one to three times a week in West End. The Italian family men promote these routine gatherings. These gatherings are believed to preserve the relation and cohesion among the male teenagers when they grow up. This sociability is considered not to conform to such an urban industrial culture as that of Boston. Gans' thesis is that this sociability is a class phenomenon and can be considered as a subculture.

This research tries to look at this phenomenon from a different perspective. In this research it is found that what constitutes those groups is emotional cohesion - that is solidarity. Solidarity occurs if there is a feeling of similar fates among the individuals. The similarity of the significant values is the key to the strong emotional cohesion. Individualism is suppressed so that each member of a group may totally conform to the collective values. Those values can be recognized through West End's habitués.

West End's habitués shows that solidarity in a form of peer-groups is the response of locality to the economic inequality between the Boston middle class as the urban industrial culture supporters and the Italian West Enders, who belong to the poor working class."

"Dalam ruang urban berkumpul berbagai individu dari beragam kelas sosial, etnis, latar belakang, dan kehidupan yang berbeda. Ruang urban yang selalu identik dengan hal-hal yang modern memiliki sisi lain berupa gejala social pathology. Gejala ini timbul sebagai efek samping kehidupan masyarakat urban pada individu yang kurang mampu bersaing secara ekonomi dan sosial dalam kehidupan urban. Beberapa gejala ini ditangkap dan dimainkan dalam delapan kartun online korpus data penelitian ini. Kartun online yang sifatnya aktual mampu menangkap unsur-unsur yang mengganggu ini untuk kemudian diputar balik, dan disajikan secara jenaka lewat humor hitam. Untuk menangkap gambaran kehidupan kota urban dalam kartun digunakan pendekatan semiosis sastra dan analisa unsur-unsur semiosis dalam kartun. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa karakter Herr Riebmann dalam kartun online ?nichtlustig.de? mewakili aspek-aspek patologi sosial dalam kota urban.

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In urban space together various individuals from diverse social classes, ethnicities, backgrounds, and different life. Urban space that is always synonymous with modernity have another side that is the symptoms of social pathology. These symptoms occur as a side effect of urban life in individuals who are less able to compete economically and socially in urban life. Some of these symptoms are captured and played in eight online cartoons as the datas of this study. Online cartoons are actual and able to capture the elements that interfere with this for later reversed, and presented through playful black humor. To capture the image of an urban city life in cartoons, semiosis approach and analysis of literary elements of semiosis in the cartoon are used. This study proves that the character Herr Riebmann in the online cartoon "nichtlustig.de" represent the social aspects of pathology in an urban city."

"Berdasarkan data Kementerian Kesehatan Indonesia6, pada tahun 2010, 43,3% dari seluruh perokok mulai merokok pada rentang usia 14-19 tahun. Fakta ini mengindikasikan peningkatan prevalensi penyakit-penyakit pembuluh darah di masa yang akan datang, termasuk Buerger's disease (Penyakit Buerger). Sehubungan dengan peningkatan prevalensi tersebut, perlu dilakukan penelitian tentang faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kualitas hidup pasien dengan Penyakit Buerger, terutama faktor sosioekonomi dengan tujuan agar pelayanan terhadap pasien dan kepuasan pasien terhadap terapi dapat ditingkatkan. Metode penelitian adalah studi potong lintang. Pada hasil ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara faktor usia dengan indeks gejala pasca tatalaksana (p<0,05 ; uji t tidak berpasangan). Kesimpulan yang didapatkan bahwa secara keseluruhan tidak ditemukan hubungan bermakna antara faktor sosioekonomi dengan kualitas hidup, kecuali faktor usia dengan indeks gejala pasca tatalaksana.

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Based on the data from the Ministry of Health of Indonesia, in 2010, 43.3% of all smokers start smoking at the age range from 14 to 19 years old. This fact indicates an increased prevalence of vascular diseases in the future, including Buerger's disease. Regarding to the increased prevalence a research futher about factors that affect the quality of life of the patient with Buerger's Disease need to be performed, particularly on the socioeconomic factor which purposed for better medical service and increase treatment satisfactory of the patients. The research method is cross-sectional study. As the result, significant correlations is found in the correlation of the age factor and post-therapy symptoms index (p<0,05 : t-unpaired test). The conclusion found is relatively no significant correlation between the socioeconomic factor and the quality of life, except the correlation of the age factor and the post therapy symptoms index."

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ABSTRACTSymbolic interaction is among the most central theoretical paradigms in sociology and the theory that most thoroughly attends to how individuals give meaning to their world--in this case, how city dwellers interpret and respond to their daily experiences as urbanites. This thoroughly updated edition of "Being Urban: A Sociology of City Life" remains true to this particular theoretical angle of vision--the symbolic interactionist approach--focusing on specific topics that are relatively neglected in other urban sociology texts, and that lend themselves to the kind of social-psychological analyses that define the distinctive conceptual core of the authors' efforts.After the first two chapters supply readers with theoretical foundations of urban sociology, the next four chapters describe the various ways that individuals experience and make sense of key aspects of urban life. The final section--also composed of four chapters--addresses strategically chosen urban institutions and related processes of social change. Specific subject areas covered include sports, everyday public life, tolerance for diversity, women in cities, urban politics, and the arts. Readers will learn about how order is maintained in public urban places, understand why cities naturally breed a tolerance for diversity that may not be so easily achieved in less urban settings, and appreciate the delicate political and economic tensions between cities and their surrounding suburbs. "

"Designed as a text for undergraduate courses in cultural studies, sociology and wider social science, this book traces the development of urban environments from the nineteenth century to the present, and illuminates the nature of urban life."

"The urban landscape has changed dramatically over the past decade as cities worldwide implement revitalisation plans designed to keep urban areas vital and appealing for both tourism and residency. Bringing a :sense of space and place to the public areas of urban cities is essential for the vitality of the city"