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"The 'migration-development' nexus has emerged as an important area of both research and policy over the last ten years. However, most of the interest has focused on the potential that migration holds for poverty alleviation. Relatively little attention has been paid to the relationship between migration and inequality, particularly on inequality as a consequence of migration. This is unfortunate, given that inequality is emerging as an important area of inquiry within development studies. This edited collection explores the relationship between migration and inequality in Africa, Asia and Latin America by taking into account economic and social inequalities.While the focus on inequality as opposed to poverty is in itself original, the book offers additional points of interest. First, it combines chapters on internal and international migration, thereby challenging the current focus in the migration literature that focuses almost exclusively on cross-border migration. Internal migration greatly outnumbers cross-border moves. Yet policy-makers as well as most studies focus on cross-border international migration. We are only just beginning to unravel the relationship between internal and cross-border migration. Second, the theme of inequality complements the existing focus in the migration-development nexus on issues of poverty. Third, the chapters focus on both economic and social inequalities, often combining an analysis of different types of inequalities. The book also covers governance and migrants' rights; gender and intersectionality; and health. The contributions in this edited volume make an original contribution to debates on the migration-development nexus as well as the literature on inequality, which often tends to focus on economic measurements of inequality at the expense of including a thorough analysis of social inequality"

"Skripsi ini menganalisis faktor penarik dan pendorong (push-pull factors) arus balik migrasi (return migration) menuju Jepang yang dilakukan oleh Nikkei Brazil berdasarkan teori migrasi tentang push and pull yang dikemukakan oleh Everett S. Lee (1966). Penelitian ini adalah penelitian historis. Dari penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa terdapat tiga buah faktor penarik dan pendorong yang secara umum mendukung terbentuknya arus migrasi kembali dari Brazil ke Jepang. Pertama, krisis ekonomi di Brazil yang bertepatan dengan krisis tenaga kerja di Jepang. Kedua, adanya kesenjangan pendapatan antara di Brazil dan Jepang. Ketiga, adanya faktor-faktor pendukung lainnya, seperti adanya kesadaran akan etnis transnasional, dan adanya revisi Peraturan Imigrasi Jepang tahun 1990 yang memberikan legitimasi para Nikkeijin untuk datang dan bekerja di Jepang. Analisis tentang arus balik migrasi Nikkei Brazil ke Jepang di awal tahun 1990-an, memperlihatkan bahwa migrasi tersebut terjadi tidak hanya didorong oleh faktor ekonomi semata. Penelusuran historis terhadap migrasi yang dilakukan para Nikkei Brazil mengungkapkan sebuah rangkaian kekuatan sosio-historis, politik, dan ekonomi yang kompleks di antara kedua negara, Brazil dan Jepang.

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This thesis analyses the push and pull factors of return migration to Japan by Brazilian Nikkeijin based on the theory of push and pull factors proposed by Everett S. Lee (1966). This research uses historical methods. From this research, it can be concluded that there are three push and pull factors that generally encourage the flow of return migration from Brazil to Japan. First is the economic crisis in Brazil which coincided with labor shortage in Japan. Second is the income gap between Brazil and Japan. Third is the presence of other supporting factors, such as the awareness of transnational ethnic groups and the 1990 revision of Japanese Immigration Law which allow Nikkeijin to come and work in Japan. An analysis of return migration flow of Brazilian Nikkeijin to Japan in early 1990s, suggests that the migration is not solely driven by economic motives. Historical research on emigrations, immigrations, and return migrations of Brazilian Nikkeijin reveal a series of complex socio-historical, politic, and economic forces between the two countries, Brazil and Japan."