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"Disertasi ini membahas konstruksi pengetahuan dan praktik/tindakan pengelolaan illness yang dilakukan orang dengan HIV-AIDS (ODHA) serta berbagai faktor kontekstual yang terkait dalam mewujudkan praktik/tindakan tersebut. Penelitian dilakukan kepada 6 ODHA di Jakarta: laki-laki homoseksual, laki-laki biseksual, pekerja seksual komersial perempuan, intravenous drug user (IDU) laki-laki, dan perempuan heteroseksual yang terinfeksi dari suaminya. Data penelitian juga diperoleh dari significant others setiap ODHA. Konstruksi pengetahuan ODHA dalam mengelola illness dilihat melalui pendekatan connectionism. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Pengetahuan ODHA dalam mengelola illness berkembang melalui pengalaman pribadi dari upaya memahami illness (learning what illness means) hingga beradaptasi terhadap illness. Praktik/tindakan pengelolaan illness terwujud karena adanya makna yang terbentuk dari interaksi antara struktur ekstrapersonal dan intrapersonal individu.

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This study discussed about knowledge construction and illness managing practices that conducted by people with HIV-AIDS (ODHA), also contextual factors related to bring into reality those practices. Study conducted to 6 ODHAs in Jakarta that consisted of a male homosexual, a female bisexual, a female prostitute, an intravenous drug user (IDU), and females that were infected HIV- AIDS from their husbands. The data also were collected from the significant others of ODHAs. The ODHA's knowledge construction in managing illness was viewed through connectionism approach.

The study showed that the ODHAs' knowledge in managing illness developed through personal experiences from the effort to understanding the illness (learning what illness means) to becoming adaptive to the illness. The practices brought into reality because there was a meaning which was formed from interaction between individual extrapersonal and intrapersonal structure."

"[Waria yang merupakan salah satu populasi kunci dalam peningkatan HIV/AIDS, di Kota Kendal diperkirakan berjumlah lebih dari 400 orang. Dari seluruh kasus HIV/AIDS yang ada di Kendal waria menduduki urutan kelima. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memperoleh gambaran mendalam tentang pengalaman hidup waria dengan HIV/AIDS. Penelitian ini menerapkan desain penelitian deskriptif fenomenologi dengan wawancara mendalam. Sebelas partisipan diperoleh denganteknik purposive sampling. Dari hasil penelitian ini teridentifikasi 7 tema yaitu 1) Mengenali identitas diri sebagi waria, 2) Preferensi seksual terhadap laki-laki, 3) Persepsi waria terhadap sumber penularan HIV/AIDS, 4) Arti kehidupan bagi waria dengan HIV/AIDS, 5) Mengalami diskriminasi, 6) Bentuk dukungan waria dengan HIV/AIDS, 7) Hambatan dalam mengakses pelayanan kesehatan. Kesimpulan: seluruh waria menyadari identitas diri sebagai waria, dan merekamemahami pekerjaan dan perilaku seks beresiko menjadi sumber penularan HIV/AIDS. Sebagian waria mengalami kesulitan dalam mengakses layanan kesehatan akibat adanya diskriminasi;Transgenders is one of the key populations in the increasing in HIV / AIDS case,is estimated more than 400 people in the city of Kendal. The cases of transgender with HIV in Kendal is ranked on the top five. This study aims to gain a deeper understanding of transgender life experiences with HIV / AIDS. This research applies research design of descriptive phenomenology with depth interview. Eleven participants were recruited by purposive sampling technique. From the results of this study identified seven themes: 1) Recognize identity as a transgender, 2) sexual preference to males, 3) Perception transgenders againstthe source of transmission of HIV / AIDS, 4) The meaning of life for transgenders with HIV / AIDS, 5) Experience discrimination, 6) The support transgenders with HIV / AIDS, 7) Barriers in accessing health services. Conclusion: the entire transgender realize identity as transgender, and they understand the work and unsafe sexual behavior becomes a source of transmission of HIV / AIDS. Most transgenders have difficulty in accessing health services due to discrimination;Transgenders is one of the key populations in the increasing in HIV / AIDS case,is estimated more than 400 people in the city of Kendal. The cases of transgenderwith HIV in Kendal is ranked on the top five. This study aims to gain a deeperunderstanding of transgender life experiences with HIV / AIDS. This researchapplies research design of descriptive phenomenology with depth interview.Eleven participants were recruited by purposive sampling technique. From theresults of this study identified seven themes: 1) Recognize identity as atransgender, 2) sexual preference to males, 3) Perception transgenders againstthe source of transmission of HIV / AIDS, 4) The meaning of life for transgenderswith HIV / AIDS, 5) Experience discrimination, 6) The support transgenders withHIV / AIDS, 7) Barriers in accessing health services. Conclusion: the entiretransgender realize identity as transgender, and they understand the work andunsafe sexual behavior becomes a source of transmission of HIV / AIDS. Mosttransgenders have difficulty in accessing health services due to discrimination, Transgenders is one of the key populations in the increasing in HIV / AIDS case,is estimated more than 400 people in the city of Kendal. The cases of transgenderwith HIV in Kendal is ranked on the top five. This study aims to gain a deeperunderstanding of transgender life experiences with HIV / AIDS. This researchapplies research design of descriptive phenomenology with depth interview.Eleven participants were recruited by purposive sampling technique. From theresults of this study identified seven themes: 1) Recognize identity as atransgender, 2) sexual preference to males, 3) Perception transgenders againstthe source of transmission of HIV / AIDS, 4) The meaning of life for transgenderswith HIV / AIDS, 5) Experience discrimination, 6) The support transgenders withHIV / AIDS, 7) Barriers in accessing health services. Conclusion: the entiretransgender realize identity as transgender, and they understand the work andunsafe sexual behavior becomes a source of transmission of HIV / AIDS. Mosttransgenders have difficulty in accessing health services due to discrimination]"

"Abstrak"

"Dampak HIV/AIDS menimbulkan stres pada orang dengan HIV/AIDS. Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi stress adalah mencari dukungan sosial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan dukungan sosial dengan tingkat stress orang dengan HIV/AIDS dikota Depok. Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif korelasi dengan pendekatan cross sectional terhadap 77 orang dengan HIV/AIDS dengan menggunakan metode pengampilan sampel consequtive sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan yaitu Medical Outcomes Sosial Support Survey HIV (MOSS-HIV) dan Perceives Stress Scale HIV (PSS-HIV). Hasil penelitian ini mendapatkan bahwa dukungan sosial yang diterima responden tergolong tinggi (55,8%) dan tingkat stress responden berada dalam kategori stress berat (80,5%). Hasil analisis bivariat menemukan bahwa ada hubungan antara dukungan sosial dengan tingkat stress (p value < 0,05). Hasil penelitian ini merekomendasikan dukungan sosial sebagai salah satu cara untuk membantu orang dengan HIV/AIDS menurunkan tingkat stressnya, dengan memberikan prioritas yang lebih pada dukungan materi.

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The impact of HIV / AIDS cause stress to people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). Way to reduce stress is to seek social support. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship of social support and stress levels of people with HIV / AIDS in Depok city. The study design was descriptive correlation with cross sectional study of 77 people with HIV / AIDS by using a consequtive method sampling. Instruments used namely Medical Outcomes Survey of Social Support HIV (HIV-MOSS) and Perceives HIV Stress Scale (PSS-HIV).

The results of this study found that the social support received by respondents is high (55,8%) and stress levels of respondents mostly were in severe stress (80,5%). The results of the bivariate analysis found that there is a relationship between social support and stress levels (p value <0.05). The results of this study recommend social support as a way to help people with HIV / AIDS reduces the stress level, by giving higher priority to the material support."

"Untuk menanggulangi masalah penyakit HIV & AIDS, upaya yang sering dilakukan adalah upaya promotif, preventif, kuratif, dan rehabilitatif. Pemerintah, institusi kesehatan, maupun masyarakat kurang memperhatikan dampak sosial yang ditimbulkan dari HIV & AIDS. Salah satunya adalah stigma terhadap ODHA. Ditambah lagi dengan minimnya pengetahuan masyarakatmengenai HIV & AIDS. Penelitian ini akan menjelaskan bagaimana hubungan antara pengetahuan mengenai HIV & AIDS dengan tingkat stigma terhadap ODHA. Metode yang digunakan adalah kuantitatif dengan teknik survey 80 orang ibu di Jakarta Timur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ibu dengan tingkat stigma terhadap ODHA yang tinggi, cenderung memiliki pengetahuan yang rendah mengenai HIV & AIDS. Stigma terhadap ODHA terangkum dalam empat dimensi stigma yang terukur secara empiris.

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Coping with HIV & AIDS disease, people often use some promotive, preventive, curative, and rehabilitative approaches. Goverment, health institutions, and society usually ignore about social effects of HIV & AIDS. One major problem is PLWHA stigma. In many cases, people usually lack of proper knowledge about HIV & AIDS.

This study describes the relationship between HIV & AIDS knowledge and PLWHA stigma. Using quantitative approach, this study conduct a survey of 80 woman in East Jakarta.

The result found that woman with higher PLWHA stigma tends to have a lower knowledge of HIV & AIDS. The emerging of PLWHA stigma is constructed by a well measured four stigma domain."

"Medical information can improve health, and there is an enormous amount of health information available on the Internet. A randomized clinical trial tested the effectiveness of an intervention based on social?cognitive theory to improve information use among people living with HIV/AIDS. Men and women (N 􏰀 448) were placed in either (a) an 8-session intervention that focused on Internet information consumer skills or (b) a time-matched support group and were followed to 9 months postintervention. The Internet skills group demonstrated greater Internet use for health, information coping, and social support compared with the control group. The authors conclude that people with HIV infection may benefit from increased access to health information on the Internet and that vulnerability to misinfor- mation and fraud can be reduced through behavioral interventions."

"Penelitian merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan fenomenologi yang bertujuan memahami berbagai pengalaman Injecting Drug User Living with HIV/AIDS (ILWHA) dalam menjalani terapi antiretroviral (ARV) saat terapi rumatan metadon. Partisipan berjumlah 6 orang yang dipilih dengan purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dengan wawancara mendalam dan analisis menggunakan metode "Colaizzi's".Penelitian menyimpulkan setiap ILWHA mengalami kebugaran dan lebih fungsional dalam hidup. Terdapat berbagai kebutuhan pelayanan kesehatan yaitu pelayanan yang terintegrasi antara ARV dan metadon, informasi penanggulangan efek ARV dan gizi serta informasi HIV, ARV dan metadon bagi masyarakat. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, perawat konselor ARV perlu memahami beban fisik, psikologis, dan sosial serta kedinamisan ILWHA dalam terapi ARV saat terapi rumatan metadon selain itu juga perlu mengidentifikasi dan mengembangkan lebih lanjut kebutuhan pelayanan kesehatan pada ILWHA."