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"Kualitas udara mikrobiologi dalam ruangan di rumah sakit perlu diperhatikan terutama pada ruang poliklinik karena di ruang tersebut banyak pengunjung berkumpul dalam waktu yang bersamaan. Dengan demikian, peluang tersebarnya penyakit melalui udara oleh bakteri dan jamur patogen juga tinggi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur di udara pada ruangan di poliklinik, perbedaan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur antar ruang poliklinik pada hari padat dan sepi pengunjung dan jenis bakteri berdasarkan pewarnaan gram. Sampel kualitas udara mikrobilogis diambil dengan menggunakan EMS E6 dengan menggunakan media TSA (Oxoid, 2011) untuk bakteri dan media MEA (Oxoid, 2011) untuk jamur dan dilakukan secara duplo. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan pada ruang poliklinik yang berbeda dan waktu yang berbeda dimana hari senin mewakili hari sepi dan sabtu mewakili hari padat pasien/pengunjung. Hasil sampling bakteri dan jamur diuji secara statistik dengan menggunakan statistik nonparametriks Pearson product moment dan two-tailed t-test. Hasil pengukuran sampel menunjukkan konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur telah melebihi baku mutu mengacu pada Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1204 Tahun 2004 yaitu rata-rata 2.545 ± 9,11 CFU/m3 untuk bakteri dan 306 ± 2,91 CFU/m3 untuk jamur. Konsentrasi bakteri dan jamur paling tinggi terdapat pada ruang Poliklink Umum. Uji statistik Pearson product moment menunjukkan jumlah pengunjung memiliki korelasi yang rendah (r = 0,29) dengan konsentrasi bakteri dan memiliki korelasi sedang (r = 0,45) dengan konsentrasi jamur. Selanjutnya, uji statistik two-tailed t-test menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada hubungan signifikan antara jumlah pengunjung dengan konsentrasi mikrobiologi di udara. Identifikasi bakteri dengan pewarnaan gram menunjukkan bahwa 84,2% bakteri yang ditemukan merupakan bakteri gram negatif dan 15,2% gram positif. Bakteri gram negatif berpotensi lebih besar dalam menginfeksi manusia karena memiliki endotoksin. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan pemasangan filter HEPA atau ULPA pada sistem ventilasi (AC) untuk menurunkan konsentrasi bakteri dan perbaikan sistem ventilasi agar kelembaban ruangan terjaga antara 30-60% dan suhu ruangan dibawah 25°C sehingga dapat menurunkan konsentrasi jamur.

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Microbial indoor air quality in hospital has to be considered, especially in the examining and waiting room because many people gathered at the same time. Hence, chances for spreading airborne disease by pathogenic bacteria and fungi are high. The objectives of this study are to find out indoor air bacteria and fungi concentrations at the examining room, the difference of bacteria and fungi concentrations during high and low numbers of visitors, and types of bacteria based on gram staining. Microbial air samples were taken in Duplo by using EMS E6 with TSA (Oxoid, 2011) and MEA (Oxoid, 2011) media for bacteria and fungi, respectively. Samplings were conducted on different examining rooms and days, which Monday and Saturday represented as low and high numbers of visitors, respectively. The sampling results tested statistically by using non-parametric statistical method, Pearson product moment and two-tailed t test.

The measurement results showed that indoor air bacteria and fungi concentrations have exceeded the quality standards by Menteri Kesehatan RI No. 1204 in 2004, with the average are 2.545 ± 9.11 CFU/m3 and 306 ± 2.91 CFU/m3 for bacteria and fungi, respectively. The highest concentration of bacteria and fungi is found in examining room for children and general, respectively. Pearson product moment test showed a low correlation (r=0.29) between number of visitors and indoor air bacteria concentration and moderate correlation (r=0.45) between number of visitors and indoor air fungi concentrations. Furthermore, two-tailed t-test results showed that there was no significant relationship between number of visitor and indoor air microbial concentrations.

Identification of bacteria with gram staining showed that 84.2% of bacteria found are gram-negative and 15.8% are gram-positive bacteria. The gram-negative bacteria are having greater possibly infected human than gram-positive bacteria because it has endotoxin. Therefore, it is necessary to install HEPA or ULPA filters on ventilation system (air conditioned) and maintain relative humidity between 30-60% and temperature below 25°C in the hospital to reduce indoor air bacteria and fungi concentrations."

"Several novel aspects of extremophiles are covered in this book, the focus is firstly on unusual and less explored ecosystems such as marine hypersaline deeps, extreme cold, desert sands, and man-made clean rooms for spacecraft assembly. Secondly, the increasingly complex field of applications from extremophile research is treated and examples such as novel psychrophilic enzymes, compounds from halophiles, and detection strategies for potential extraterrestrial life forms are presented."

"Principles of toxicology : environmental and industrial applications, this edition provides health protection professionals as well as environmental scientists with precise, up-to-date, practical information on how to apply the science of toxicology in both the occupational and environmental setting. Through contributions from leading experts in diverse fields. Principles of toxicology, second edition features :

• - Clear explanations of the fundamentals necessary for an understanding of the effects of chemical hazards on human health and ecosystems
• - Coverage of occupational medicine and epidemiological issues
• - The manifestation of toxic agents such as metals, pesticides, organic solvents, and natural toxins
• - Special emphasis on the evaluation and control of toxic hazards
• - Specific case histories on applying risk assessment methods in the modern workplace
• - Ample figures, references, and a comprehensive glossary of toxicological terms

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"Environmental toxicology is the third volume of a three-volume set on molecular, clinical and environmental toxicology that offers a comprehensive and in-depth response to the increasing importance and abundance of chemicals of daily life. By providing intriguing insights far down to the molecular level, this three-volume work covers the entire range of modern toxicology with special emphasis on recent developments and achievements. "

"An exploration of selenium containing herbs was carried out in the Kerinci -Sumatra, Toraja highland-Sulawesi and Rinjani-Lombok. The herbs were sampled according to their morfofisiological characters and local etnopharmalogical information. The analitical parameters were the selenium and selenomethionine content as measured by ASS and GC respectivelly, gluthathione peroxidase as measured biochemically dan cell model shrinkage observation to reveal the selenium containing extract effect on celluler development. The result indicates the diversity of both content and functional selenium compounds in the selected herbs. The relatively high selenium content herbs such as allium sativum 1 NHR had hingher gluthathione peroxidase and hence its antioxidant activity. However the relatively lower selenium content of physalis angulata 33NHR was able to induce more cell model shrinkage. The phenomenon of relation among selenium based selenoamino acid, antioxidant and cell shrinkage potential need to be futher studies on these selected herbs."

"buku ini membahas tentang toksilogi lingkungan yang sangat memperhatinkan dan kotor."