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"Setiap negara berupaya untuk terus meningkatkan kualitas kesehatan penduduknya. Hal tersebut memerlukan suatu kelembagaan untuk menuju Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Setiap proses pelayanan kesehatan tidak dapat dipisahkan dengan suatu sistem pembiayaan Kesehatan. Pelaksanaan fungsi pembiayaan kesehatan yang baik dan efisien akan dapat meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan kesehatan sehingga akan membantu Indonesia untuk mengatasi tantangan yang dihadapi pada sistem pembiayaan kesehatan jaminan kesehatan nasional. Thailand merupakan salah satu negara yang sudah lama mencapai UHC serta menerapkan sistem pembiayaan kesehatan pada jaminan kesehatan nasional berdasarkan tiga fungsi pembiayaan kesehatan, yaitu fungsi penampungan dana, fungsi pengumpulan dana dan fungsi pembelian. Analisis perbandingan sistem pembiayaan kesehatan jaminan kesehatan nasional Indonesia dan Thailand dilakukan dengan mengkaji aspek peran, persamaan dan perbedaan serta lesson learn pada tiga fungsi pembiayaan kesehatan kedua negara tersebut agar dapat menjadi bahan dalam peningkatan mutu dan evaluasi setiap kebijakan sistem pembiayaan kesehatan yang telah dijalankan di Indonesia dalam penyelenggaraan pembangunan kesehatan.

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Each country strives to continuously improve the health quality of its population. This requires an institution to achieve Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Every process of health care cannot be separated from a health financing system. The implementation of a good and efficient health financing function will be able to improve the quality of health services so that it will help Indonesia to overcome the challenges faced in the national health insurance health financing system. Thailand is one of the countries that has long achieved UHC and has implemented a health financing system for the national health insurance based on three health financing functions are collecting funds, collecting funds and purchasing. Comparative analysis of the health financing systems of NHI in Indonesia and Thailand was carried out by examining aspects of the roles, similarities and differences as well as lessons learned in the three health financing functions of the two countries so that they can be used as material for quality improvement and evaluation of every health financing system policy that has been implemented in Indonesia in the implemention of health development."

"Skripsi ini membahas tentang pelaksanaan National Health Insurance NHI di Thailand sebagai pembelajaran bagi pelaksanaan Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional JKN di Indonesia. Pelaksanaan JKN di Indonesia masih tergolong baru sehingga memerlukan berbagai evaluasi dan pembelajaran guna meningkatkan kualitas program JKN. Untuk meningkatkan kualitas program JKN, Indonesia harus belajar dari negara lain yang memiliki sistem kesehatan dan karakteristik yang hampir serupa dengan Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan dalam skripsi ini adalah metode telaah kepustakaan secara sistematis dari berbagai sumber sekunder yang dipublikasikan kemudian dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis anotasi bibliografi yang bersifat deskriptif analitik. Terdapat beberapa penerapan sistem pelaksanaan NHI di Thailand yang dapat diterapkan di Indonesia, seperti perluasan kepesertaan, metode pembiayaan kepada penyedia pelayanan kesehatan, sistem pelayanan kesehatan, dan sistem informasi kesehatan yang terintegrasi.

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This study focuses on the implementation of National Health Insurance NHI in Thailand as a learning for the implementation of Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional JKN in Indonesia. NHI in Thailand has similar applications with JKN in Indonesia in terms of expansion of assurance membership, payment method for health service provider, health service system, and integrated health information system. JKN in Indonesia is still considered new despite its years of execution. Therefore, JKN needs some development to improve the quality of JKN it self by learning from other country who has similar health system and characteristics as Indonesia. This study is using systematic literature review as the research method and the data were collected from various published secondary sources. After collecting data, the data were analyzed using bibliography annotations analyzation."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh perkembangan sistem kesehatan di Indonesia, Thailand, dan Filipinayang juga merupakan negara-negara berkembang di Asia Tenggara yang telah mengalami kemajuan signifikan dalam pengembangan sistem kesehatan sejak tahun 1970-an. Perkembangan tersebut diiringi dengan peningkatan angka harapan hidup dan penurunan tingkat kematian ibu dan bayi di ketiga negara ini. Namun, meskipun terdapat peningkatan tersebut, terdapat kebutuhan yang semakin meningkat akan cakupan kesehatan universal yang komperhensif. Meskipun demikian, perjalanan menuju Universal Health Coverage di Indonesia, Thailand, dan Filipina masih menghadapi tantangan, termasuk kurangnya kebijakan yang mendukung dan infrastruktur kesehatan yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan kebijakan asuransi kesehatan sosial di Indonesia, Thailand, dan Filipina dalam upaya mencapai cakupan kesehatan universal. Dalam penelitian ini, basis penelitian merupakan pemerintah ketiga negara, dengan rentang waktu penelitian mencakup periode dari tahun 1970 hingga 2019. Dalam penelitian ini, dilakukan perbandingan terhadap desain kebijakan, kondisi infrastruktur kesehatan, serta capaian dalam implementasi cakupan kesehatan universal di ketiga negara tersebut. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan integrative review, penulis menghimpun literatur penelitian yang menganalisis perbedaan dan persamaan dalam implementasi kebijakan asuransi kesehatan sosial di antara ketiga negara ini, serta faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi keberhasilan mereka dalam mencapai cakupan kesehatan universal. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, ketiga negara, yaitu Indonesia, Thailand, dan Filipina, pada dasarnya memiliki kebijakan kesehatan yang kurang lebih sama dan terdapat temuan juga bahwa Thailand merupakan negara dengan implementasi Universal Health Coverage (UHC) yang paling baik dari komparasi tiga negara ini. Dalam banyak indikator yang dianalisis, Thailand menunjukkan keunggulan dan kesuksesan dalam mencapai cakupan kesehatan yang luas dan kualitas layanan yang baik. Sistem jaminan kesehatan nasional Thailand telah berhasil memberikan akses yang merata dan terjangkau bagi seluruh penduduknya, dengan cakupan jaminan kesehatan yang tinggi dan beragam, serta fasilitas kesehatan yang memadai. Selain itu, Thailand juga berhasil menunjukkan kemajuan yang signifikan dalam peningkatan indikator kesehatan, seperti angka harapan hidup yang meningkat dan penurunan angka kematian bayi dan ibu.

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This research is motivated by the development of healthcare systems in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines, which are also developing countries in Southeast Asia that have made significant progress in healthcare system development since the 1970s. This progress has been accompanied by an increase in life expectancy and a decrease in maternal and infant mortality rates in these three countries. However, despite these improvements, there is a growing need for comprehensive universal health coverage. Nevertheless, the journey towards Universal Health Coverage in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines still faces challenges, including a lack of supportive policies and adequate healthcare infrastructure. The aim of this study is to compare social health insurance policies in Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines in their efforts to achieve universal health coverage. The research is based on the respective governments of the three countries, and the study period covers from 1970 to 2019. The comparison in this research includes policy design, healthcare infrastructure conditions, and achievements in the implementation of universal health coverage in these three countries. Employing an integrative review approach, the author compiles research literature that analyzes the differences and similarities in the implementation of social health insurance policies among these three countries, as well as the factors influencing their success in achieving universal health coverage. The research findings indicate that Indonesia, Thailand, and the Philippines essentially share similar healthcare policies. However, it is also evident that Thailand stands out as the country with the most successful implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) among the three compared countries. In many analyzed indicators, Thailand demonstrates superiority and success in achieving broad healthcare coverage and quality services. Thailand's national health insurance system has successfully provided equal and affordable access to healthcare for its entire population, with high and diverse health coverage, as well as adequate healthcare facilities. Additionally, Thailand has made significant progress in improving health indicators, such as increasing life expectancy "

"Berdasarkan laporan pemantauan global WHO pada tahun 2023 mengenai pelacakan cakupan kesehatan universal yang diluncurkan pada tanggal 18 September 2023 oleh WHO dan Bank Dunia, menunjukkan bahwa 400 juta orang tidak memiliki akses terhadap pelayanan kesehatan dasar, dan 40% penduduk dunia tidak memiliki akses terhadap jaminan sosial serta 4,5 miliar orang tidak sepenuhnya tercakup dalam layanan kesehatan penting pada tahun 2021, dan 2 miliar orang mengalami bencana belanja kesehatan akibat pengeluaran yang dikeluarkan sendiri untuk kesehatan atau out of pocket. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) berarti bahwa semua orang menerima layanan kesehatan berkualitas yang mereka perlukan tanpa mengalami kesulitan keuangan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran implementasi kebijakan Universal Health Coverage (UHC) dalam meningkatkan kesehatan di berbagai negara dengan metode Literature review yang menganalisis 8 artikel terinklusi dari 350 artikel pada empat online database (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link). Penelitian ini menekankan kerangka kerja sistem kesehatan WHO yang dikenal dengan Six Building Blocks yang terdiri dari enam pilar meliputi aspekaspek pelayanan kesehatan, tenaga kesehatan, sistem informasi kesehatan, akses terhadap layanan kesehatan, obat-obatan, pembiayaan kesehatan, dan kepemimpinan atau tata Kelola. Implementasi Universal Health Coverage (UHC) di dunia saat ini menunjukkan perkembangan yang signifikan, meskipun masih menghadapi sejumlah tantangan yang bervariasi dari setiap negara yang disebabkan perbedaan karakteristik penduduk, pemasukan negara, ekonomi dan geografis.

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According to WHO's 2023 global monitoring report on tracking universal health coverage launched on September 18, 2023 by WHO and the World Bank, 400 million people do not have access to basic health services, 40% of the world's population does not have access to social security, 4.5 billion people are not fully covered by essential health services by 2021, and 2 billion people experience health spending disasters due to out of pocket health expenditures. Universal Health Coverage (UHC) means that all people receive the quality health services they need without experiencing financial hardship. This study aims to describe the implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) policies in improving health in various countries using the Literature review method which analyzed 8 articles included from 350 articles in four online databases (PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springer Link). This study emphasizes the WHO health system framework known as the Six Building Blocks which consists of six pillars including aspects of health services, health workers, health information systems, access to health services, medicines, health financing, and leadership or governance. The implementation of Universal Health Coverage (UHC) in the world is currently showing significant progress, although it still faces a number of challenges."

"Adaptation and natural selection serve as an important part of evolution. Adaptation in molecular levelcan lead to genetic drift which causes mutation of genetic material; one of which is polymorphism of mitochondrialDNA (mtDNA). The aim of this study is to verify the polymorphism of mitochondrially-encoded AdenosineTriphosphate synthase6gene (MT-ATP6) as one of mtDNA building blocks among tropic, sub-tropic, and polar areas.Methods: This descriptive quantitative research used 3,210 mtDNA sequences, taken from GenBank, as secondary datafrom 27 different populations. The data were grouped into 3 population groups based on the climates of their location.After grouping, the sequences were then aligned and trimmed using Unipro EUGENE, and analyzed by Arlequin andMitoTool. Results: Results demonstrated 21 haplotypes distributed among 3 populations with variations between eachclimate population. In the tropic and sub-tropic populations, the dominant haplotype is h1 while h6 is dominant in thepolar population. Conclusions: There is a variation of haplotype polymorphism between tropic, sub-tropic, and polarclimate population."

"Penelitian ini dilatarbelakangi oleh kemunculan virus yang bernama Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-cOv-2) atau disebut juga dengan Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) dan ditetapkan sebagai global pandemic. Sejatinya, ilmu akan terus berkembang seiring masalah yang ada di dalamnya. Istilah-istilah atau kosakata baru dalam ilmu kesehatan mulai bermunculan seiring dengan keberadaan virus ini, baik istilah dalam pengendalian atau dalam pencegahannya. Penelitian ini membahas kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul saat pandemi COVID-19 yang dilihat dari sisi morfologi dan semantik. Analisis ini menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif. Tujuan utama dalam penelitian ini adalah untuk memaparkan bentuk-bentuk dan makna-makna dalam kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul saat pandemi COVID-19. Adapun data-data yang didapat dalam penelitian ini bersumber dari surat kabar Almasdaronline dari Yaman. Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini dari sisi morfologi ditemukan bahwa kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul pada masa pendemi COVID-19, ada yang berbentuk arabisasi, derivasi, pluralisasi, gabungan kata, dan hibrida. Sedangkan dari sisi semantik ditemukan bahwa kosakata bahasa Arab laras kesehatan yang muncul pada masa pandemi COVID-19 ada yang berbentuk metafora, penerjemahan dan perubahan makna. Jika ditinjau dari relasi makna, terdapat relasi makna sinonimi, antonimi dan idiom.

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This research was motivated by the emergence of a virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-cOv-2) or also called Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is set as a global pandemic. In fact, science will continue to evolve as the problems that exist in it. New terms or vocabulary in health sciences began to emerge along with the presence of this virus, either in control or in prevention. This study discusses the Arabic vocabulary of health barrels that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic in terms of morphology and semantics. This analysis uses qualitative descriptive methods. The main purpose of this study is to expose to the reader about the forms and meanings in the health barrel Arabic vocabulary that emerged during the COVID-19 pandemic. The data obtained in this study are outlined from almasdaronline newspaper from Yemen and assisted with Arabic dictionary. The results obtained from this study from the morphological side found that arabic vocabulary barrel health that appeared during the COVID-19 protesters, some in the form of Arabicization, derivation, pluralisation, combined words, and hybrid. From the semantic side, it was found that the Arabic vocabulary of health barrels that appeared during the COVID-19 pandemic was in the form of metaphors, translations and changes in meaning. When viewed from meaning relations, there are relationships of sinonimi, antonimi and idiom meanings. "

"Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood glucose known as hyperglycaemia. Diabetes is due to impaired insulin action in the metabolism of glucose and can result in impaired wound healing. Excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increased number of macrophages and neutrophils, and decreased levels of transforming growth factor ? beta 1 (TGF-β1) serum can be characteristic of impaired wound healing. This study aims to determine the effects of squid extract on certain wound parameters such as levels of tumour necrosis factor ? alpha (TNF-α), and TGF-β1 serum and the number of macrophages and neutrophils.Methods: This was a post-test only, randomized controlled group study that was conducted on male Wistar rats. Experimental animals were divided into 6 groups; (1) normal wound with standard diet, (2) diabetic wound with standard diet, (3) diabetic wound with chitosan supplement, (4) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once a day, (5) diabetic wound given squid extract orally twice a day, and (6) diabetic wound given squid extract orally once every two days. Levels of TNF-α and TGF-β1 serum were observed using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay. Haematocylin and eosin staining was used to observed macrophage and neutrophil counts. All data was analysedstatistically by one-way analysis of variance.Results: TNF-α serum levels showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in subjects that received squid extract orally once every two days. The mean levels of TGF-β1 showed no significant differences. The mean number of macrophage cells showed a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups. The mean number of neutrophil cells also showed significant decrease (p < 0.05) in all treatment groups.Conclusions: Squid extract is effective in lowering the TNF-α serum levels and the number of macrophages and neutrophils cells in Wistar rats. However, there were insignificant findings on increasing levels of TGF-β1 serum. This data suggests that squid extract is most effective during the inflammatory phase of wound healing which takes places about 2-4 days after wound creation.Keywords: diabetic wound, squid, TNF"