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"The essays in this volume are all original contributions dealing in one way or another with the analysis of prosody - primarily intonation and rhythm, and the role it plays in everyday conversation. They take as their methodological starting-point the contention that the study of prosody must begin with genuine interactional rather than pre-fabricated laboratory data. Through close empirical analysis of recorded material from genuine English, German and Italian conversations, prosody emerges here as a strategy deployed by interactants in the management of turntaking and floor-holding; in the negotiation of conversational activities such as repair, assessments, announcements, reproaches and news receipts; and in the keying of the tone or modality of interactional sequences."

"Estuaries, which are rich in nutrient, act as a habitat to some aquatic lives, including mangroves. Human-induced activities such as dredging and shoreline development influence estuarine dynamics which includes mixing process. This will further affect estuarine salinity and adversely affect the aquatic life. A laboratory investigation was conducted in a flume to observe the mixing in a salt-wedge estuary. Three conditions were studied, i.e. mixing in ordinary estuary, mixing in an estuary with a presence of smaller deep channel and mixing in an estuary with a presence of resisting structures along the channel banks. Freshwater was run from one end of the channel, overflowing a weir at the other end, while salt water was introduced at the base of the weir and intruded upstream as gravity current. Mixing in open channel occurs in longitudinal, vertical and transverse directions. The spatial and temporal salt-water intrusions were studied where the mixing patterns were visualized using red dye tracer. To have better understanding on the mixing process, salinity patterns are studied through the plotted isohalines. The spatial and temporal salinity profiles in the flume are also studied through plotted graphs. The results show that salinity differences occurred due to the interfacial mixing between saline and freshwater"

"ABSTRAKAutisme atau Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) merupakan gangguan spektrum yang dihubungkan dengan gangguan pada aspek sosial dan aspek kognitif. Gangguan autisme tersebut berdampak terhadap gangguan kebahasaan, yaitu abnormalitas prosodi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah merumuskan karakteristik prosodi pada penutur ASD. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan eksperimental atau model IPO Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek yang meliputi produksi ujaran, analisis akustik, dan uji persepsi serta analisis statistik non parameterik. Penelitian ini menitikberatkan pada persepsi. Subjek penelitian adalah penutur ASD yang berusia 7 sampai dengan 12 tahun. Subjek kontrol penelitian adalah penutur yang tidak mempunyai gangguan autisme dengan rentang usia yang sama. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan antara prosodi pada penutur ASD dan subjek kontrol. Perbedaan tersebut meliputi ekspresi prosodi, modus kalimat, dan kontras tuturan. Karakteristik prosodi pada penutur ASD ditandai oleh intonasi cenderung datar dan monoton, tidak mempunyai batas-batas tuturan, dan tidak ada kontras ujaran. Sementara itu, aspek segmental pada tuturan ASD menunjukkan produksi tuturan yang cenderung pendek, kurang ekspresif, dan tidak mampu memproduksi tuturan pertanyaan, serta merespon pertanyaan. Karakteristik ini berlaku secara personal pada penutur ASD dari tingkat ringan hingga tingkat parah atau abnormalitas.

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ABSTRACTAutism or Autism Spectrum Disorder ASD is a spectrum disorder which is connected to social and cognitive aspects. The autism spectrum disorder has an impact to language disorder, that is prosodic abnormality. The aim of this research is to formulate prosodic characteristics for ASD speakers. The research method applied is experimental approach or IPO Instituut voor Perceptie Onderzoek model that covers speech production, acoustic analysis, and perception test also nonparametric statistic analysis. This research focused on perception. The research subjects were ASD speakers whose ages were 7 12 years old. The controlling subjects of this research were speakers who did not suffer autism or typical development with the same age ranges. The findings of the research demonstrated significant differences between prosody of ASD speakers and the controlling subjects. The differences covered prosodic expressions, sentence modes, and contras utterances. The prosodic characteristics of ASD speakers were marked by the flat and monotone intonations, having no utterances border, and there was no utterance contrast. On the other hand, segmental aspects of ASD speakers showed utterance production that tended to be shorter, less expressive, and have no ability to produce question utterances, including responding questions. These characteristics applied personally to ASD speakers from the low level to the very serious level or abnormality. "