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"Penegakana hukum internasional melalui pembentukan berbagai pengadilan internasional yang bertujuan untuk mengadili para pelaku kejahatan internasioal. Pengadilan internasional memiliki lingkup kejahatan internasional, walaupun saat ini berkembang pula variasi pengadilan internasional yaitu pengadilan campuran yang mempunyai kewenangan kejahatan nasional dan internasional. Namun, dengan adanya Pengadilan Khusus untuk Lebanon Special Tribunal for Lebanon/ STL, persepsi bahwa pengadilan internasional selalu bertujuan untuk mengadili kejahatan internasional berubah karena STL merupakan pengadilan pertama yang bertujuan sepenuhnya untuk kejahatan nasional tanpa ada unsur kejahatan internasional sama sekali. Kejahatan nasional di sini adalah mengadili pelaku terorisme dalam kasus pembunuhan perdana menteri Lebanon, Rafik Hariri. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian yuridis normatif yaitu penelitian yang dilakukan terhadap hukum positif tertulis, termasuk meneliti bahan pustaka atau data sekunder dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui tujuan pembentukan STL yang dirasa janggal karena menimbulkan pertanyaan apakah kejahatan nasional STL mempunyai alasan yang kuat bagi DK PBB untuk menggunakan kewenangannya berdasarkan Bab VII Piagam PBB mengenai perdamaian dan keamanan dunia. Penelitian ini juga membahas karakteristik-karakteristik khusus STL yang membedakan dengan pengadilan-pengadilan internasional sebelumnya. Pada hasilnya, disamping adanya beberapa unsur politik, STL dibentuk karena adanya keinginan pemerintah Lebanon untuk mengadili pelaku pembunuhan perdana menteri Rafik Hariri melalui pengadilan yang berkarakter internasional dan independen.

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The purpose of enforcement of international law through the establishment of international courts is to try the criminals of international crimes. The international courts have the jurisdiction of international crimes, despite today rsquo s development of various international tribunals such as the hybrid courts that have the jurisdiction both international and national crimes.

However, the existence of Special Tribunal for Lebanon gives the perception that international courts have always aimed to try the international crimes criminals has changed because STL is the first international court that aims fully to try the national crimes without any international crimes element. The national crimes under STLs jurisdiction is to prosecute and investigate the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri.

This paper uses juridical normative method which uses written applicable laws and literatures, with the aim to get to know the aim of STL establishment as to be assumed peculiar as it incurs the question whether the national crimes under STL jurisdiction have the strong reasons for the UN Security Council to use its authority under Part VII of UN Charter regarding international peace and security.

This paper also explains the STL rsquo s special characteristics that distinguish with the previous international courts. The results shows that despite the political instruments, STL was established as the request of the Lebanese government to prosecute the criminals of the assassination of former Lebanese prime minister Rafik Hariri by establishing a tribunal that has impartial and international characters."

"Produk hukum yang bersumber dari aktivitas organisasi internasional banyak memberikan kontribusi bagi perkembangan sumber hukum internasional. Kebanyakan instrumen ini hadir sebagai pelengkap dari perjanjian konstitutifnya dengan sifat yang tidak mengikat, tetapi tidak dipungkiri memiliki signifikansi sebagai sumber hukum. Berkaitan dengan ini, Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD) merupakan badan ciptaan dari International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (ICERD) yang secara khusus diberikan mandat untuk mengawasi implementasi kewajiban Negara pihak yang lahir dari ICERD. Untuk menjalankan mandatnya, CERD dapat mengeluarkan General Recommendationsebagai panduan bagi Negara pihak dalam memahami ketentuan ICERD sehingga Negara dapat melaksanakan kewajibannya dengan lebih baik. Selain bagi Negara pihak, General Recommendation juga digunakan oleh organ yudisial, seperti International Court of Justice (ICJ) sebagai pertimbangan untuk memahami suatu ketentuan Konvensi. Hal ini tercermin dari praktik ICJ dalam pertimbangan Putusan Diallo, Belgia melawan Senegal, Wall Advisory Opinion, dan IFAD Advisory Opinion. Dengan menggunakan metode yuridis-normatif dan data sekunder, penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengetahui posisi General Recommendation sebagai sumber hukum internasional, mengamati praktik ICJ sebelumnya dalam menggunakan General Recommendation sebagai bahan pertimbangan, serta menganalisis pertimbangan ICJ terhadap General Recommendation No.30 Tahun 2004 dari CERD dalam perkara Qatar melawan UEA. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ICJ tidak menggunakan General Recommendation No.30 Tahun 2004 untuk menginterpretasikan ketentuan dalam ICERD tanpa mengelaborasikan alasannya. Meskipun hal ini dapat dilakukan oleh ICJ karena ICJ tidak wajib mengikuti interpretasi dari CERD ataupun preseden sebelumnya, hal ini menyimpang dari praktik-praktik ICJ sebelumnya. Sehubungan dengan itu, penggunaan General Recommendation sebagai sarana interpretasi oleh ICJ dapat dilihat sebagai supplementary means of interpretation dalam kaitannya dengan posisi General Recommendation sebagai sumber hukum subsider. Penelitian ini menyarankan General Recommendation diberikan pertimbangan yang besar terhadap suatu pertimbangan interpretasi ketentuan perjanjian HAM internasional. Pun ketika ICJ memilih untuk menyimpang dari interpretasi General Recommendation, hendaknya memberikan justifikasinya demi menjaga konsistensi putusannya.

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Sources of law originating from the activities of international organizations contribute a lot to the development of sources of international law. Most of these instruments are complements to the constitutive agreement with a non-binding nature, but it is undeniable that they have a certain legal significance as a source of law. In this regard, the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (“CERD”) is an organ created by the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (“ICERD”) which is specifically mandated to monitor the implementation of obligations of ICERD States parties. To carry out its mandate, CERD can issue General Recommendations as a guide for States parties in understanding the provisions of ICERD so that States can carry out their obligations better. In addition to State parties, the General Recommendation is also used by judicial organs, such as the International Court of Justice (“ICJ”) as considerations to interpret International Human Rights Law Convention’s certain provisions. This is reflected in ICJ's practices such as Diallo Judgement, Belgium v. Senegal Judgement, Wall Advisory Opinion, and IFAD Advisory Opinion. By using juridical-normative methods and secondary data, this study aims to locate General Recommendation as a source of international law, observe previous ICJ practices in using General Recommendations as considerations, and further analyse ICJ's considerations on CERD’s General Recommendation No. 30 (2004) in the Qatar v. UAE Judgement. This study concludes that ICJ does not use General Recommendation No. 30 of 2004 to interpret the provisions in ICERD without providing its justification. While this is a common and reasonable practice by the ICJ—as they are not obliged to follow the interpretation of the CERD nor ICJ’s previous precedents—this Judgement deviates from previous ICJ practices. The relation of General Recommendation as a means of interpretation by the ICJ can be seen as a supplementary means of interpretation as this closely relates to the General Recommendation position as a subsidiary source of international law. This study suggests that the General Recommendation is given great weight to the consideration of the interpretation of International Human Rights treaties. In a situation where ICJ chooses to dismiss the interpretation of the General Recommendation, ICJ should provide its justification in doing so to maintain the consistency of ICJ’s jurisprudence."

"This collection addresses all of the areas of international law that the International Court of Justice has addressed with depth and nuance. The topics considered include general principles of law, sources of law, treaty interpretation, substantive issues such as the law of the sea, state sovereignty, and state responsibility, questions of jurisdiction and competence, and questions of the Court's procedure. Since 1989, the author, a former Principal Legal Secretary to the International Court of Justice, contributed frequent articles on this subject to the British Yearbook of International Law continuing the work begun by Sir Gerald Fitzmaurice in 1950. This work brings together these articles in one place for the first time, with extensive cross-references, and a thorough index and tables, making it more accessible than eve"