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"Posisi elite pribumi dalam birokrasi pemerintahan di Jawa Tengah merupakan fokus utama dalam penelitian ini. Permasalahan yang diajukan adalah bagaimana posisi elite pribumi dalam sistem birokrasi kolonial di wilayah Jawa Tengah 1918-1924. Periode yang diteliti dimulai dari tahun 1918, ketika pemerintah kolonial mulai memberlakukan kebijakan Ontvoogding Ordonanntie (Ordonansi Pembebasan Perwalian) dan berakhir pada 1924 dengan diberlakukannya Regentschapsordonantie (Ordonansi Kabupaten). Metode yang digunakan adalah metode sejarah didukung dengan model lapisan sosial dari Roland Mousnier dan konsep kekuasaan dari Michael Mann. Sumber primer yang digunakan adalah Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië dan majalah Pedoman Prijaji. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bupati memegang posisi tertinggi dalam birokrasi pemerintahan pribumi di wilayah Jawa Tengah berdasarkan aturan turun-temurun yang diberikan oleh pemerintah kolonial sejak abad ke-19. Sikap pemerintah kolonial yang tidak memberikan kebebasan menimbulkan adanya perlawanan dari para elite birokrasi pribumi. Pemerintah kolonial memberi respon dengan menyerahkan kekuasaan dan wewenang kabupaten kepada pemerintah pribumi.

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The position of indigenous elite in government bureaucracy in Central Java is the main focus of this research. The problem proposed is how the position of indigenous elite in the colonial bureaucracy in Central Java region 1918-1924. The period of this research starts from 1918, when the colonial government to released Ontvogding Ordonanntie (Freedom Ordonance) policy and ended in 1924 releasement of the Regentschaps Ordonanntie (Regency Ordonance) policy. The method used the historical methods supported with social layer model from Roland Mousnier and authority concept from Michael Mann. Primary resources used Staatsblad van Nederlandsch-Indië and Pedoman Prijaji. The result shows that regent holds the highest position of native government bureaucracy in Central Java region based on hereditary rule that has been given by colonial government since the nineteenth century. The attitude of colonial government which did not provide freedom led to resistance from indigenous bureaucracy elite. The colonial government responded by handing over the power and authority of the regency to the native government."

"The figure of the renegade, a European Christian or Jew who had converted to Islam and was now serving the Ottoman sultan, is omnipresent in all genres produced by those early modern Christian Europeans who wrote about the Ottoman Empire. As few contemporaries failed to remark, converts were disproportionately represented among those who governed, administered, and fought for the sultan. Unsurprisingly, therefore, renegades have attracted considerable attention from historians of Europe as well as students of European literature. Until very recently, however, Ottomanists have been surprisingly silent on the presence of Christian-European converts in the Ottoman military-administrative elite. The Sultans Renegades inserts these foreign converts into the context of Ottoman elite life to reorient the discussion of these individuals away from the present focus on their exceptionality towards a qualified appreciation of their place in the Ottoman imperial enterprise and the Empires relations with its neighbours in Christian Europe. Drawing on Central European sources, this study highlights the deep political, religious, and cultural entanglements between the Ottoman Empire and Christian Europe beyond the Mediterranean Basin as the shared world par excellence. The existence of such trans-imperial subjects is symptomatic of the Empires ability to attract and integrate people of a great diversity of backgrounds, and also illustrates the extent to which the Ottomans participated in processes of religious polarization considered typical of Christian Europe. Christian Europeans remained ambivalent about those they dismissed as apostates and traitors, frequently relying on them for support in the pursuit of familial and political interests."

"Political conditions in Indonesia post the Soeharto government"