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"The excessive use of pesticides in Indonesia during the 1970s and 1980s caused serious environmental problems such as acute and chronic human pesticide poisoning, animal poisoning and contaminated agricultural products, destruction of both beneficial natural parasites and pest predators, and pesticide resistance in pests. To overcome these environmental problems, since 1989 the Indonesian government has actively adopted a strategy of integrated pest management (IPM). During the first few years of the 1PM program's implementation, the program has been able to help farmers reduce the use of pesticides by approximately 56 percent, and increase yields by approximately 10 percent. However, economic literature that analyzes the impact of the IPM program on household incomes and national economic performance is very limited. The general objective of this research is to analyze the impact of the IPM program on Indonesian economic growth and household incomes for different socioeconomic groups.Introduction The chronic food shortage during the first two decades of Indonesian independence (1945-1965) stimulated the Indonesian government to establish a comprehensive food intensification program as a national priority. Achieving and maintaining self-sufficiency in food, increasing farmers' income, and providing strong support for the rapidly expanding industrial and service sectors were the main goals of this food intensification program (Oka, 1995). The food intensification program included large-scale adoption of high-yielding modern seed varieties, development of irrigation systems, expansion of food crop producing areas, increased use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, expansion of agricultural extension services, establishment of farmer cooperatives and input subsidies, and stabilization of national food crop prices (Oka, 1991).During the 1970s and 1980s, this food intensification program caused food crap production to grow at an annual rate of approximately 3.74 percent (CBS, 1973-1991). A major miracle occurred in rice production. Pushing the average annual growth rate of rice production to approximately 4.67 percent, the rice intensification program transformed Indonesia from the world's largest importer of rice, importing approximately two million tons per year by the end of the 1970s, to self-sufficiency in 1983 (Oka, 1991 and 1995)."

"Penelitian ini akan melihat awal mula penanaman kina secara spesifik di Priangan beserta perkembangannya. Penjelasan akan dimulai dari awal penanaman kina di Priangan pada 1854 hingga adanya pembatasan produksi karena Perjanjian Kina tahun 1913. Penelitian mengenai budidaya kina di Hindia Belanda sudah pernah dilakukan. Seperti pada Belenggu Ilmuwan dan Pengetahuan oleh Andrew Goss dan Science and Scientist in The Netherlands Indie oleh Van Gorkom. Tulisan-tulisan tersebut hanya membahas budidaya kina di Hindia Belanda secara umum. Proses penelitian dimulai dengan pencarian sumber atau heuristik. Sumber primer berupa arsip untuk penelitian ini didapatkan dari Arsip Nasional Republik Indonesia (ANRI). Sedangkan sumber gambar berupa foto didapatkan dari Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections dan koleksi digital Nationaal Museum van Wereldculturen (NMVW). Adapun sumber-sumber sekunder diperoleh dari Perpustakaan Nasional Republik Indonesia (PNRI), serta laman jurnal daring seperti JSTOR dan Science Direct. Proses penelitian dilanjutan dengan kritik internal dan eksternal. Selanjutnya dilakukan interpretasi dan historiografi atau penulisan sejarah. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan keberhasilan budidaya kina di Priangan dan menjadikan Hindia Belanda sebagai produsen kina terbesar di dunia.

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This study will look at the beginning of the cultivation of quinine specifically in Priangan and its development. The explanation will start from the beginning of the cultivation of quinine in Priangan in 1854 until there were production restrictions due to the Quinine Agreement in 1913. Research on quinine cultivation in the Dutch East Indies had already been carried out. Such as The Floracrats by Andrew Goss and Science and Scientist in The Netherlands Indie by Van Gorkom. These writings only discuss the cultivation of quinine in the Dutch East Indies in general. The research process begins with the search for sources or heuristics. The primary source in the form of archives for this research was obtained from the National Archives of the Republic of Indonesia (ANRI). While the source of the image in the form of photos is obtained from Leiden University Libraries Digital Collections and the digital collection of the National Museum van Wereldculturen (NMVW). The secondary sources were obtained from the National Library of the Republic of Indonesia (PNRI), as well as online journal pages such as JSTOR and Science Direct. The research process is continued with internal and external criticism. Furthermore, interpretation and historiography or historical writing are carried out. The results showed the success of quinine cultivation in Priangan and made the Dutch East Indies the largest quinine producer in the world."

"Salah satu masalah yang dihadapi bangsa Indonesia adalah jumlah penduduk miskin yang cukup besar, yaitu mencapai 36,1 juta jiwa pada tahun 2004. Penduduk miskin dan kelaparan sering merusak Iingkungan hidup sekitar mereka untuk mempertahankan hidup, mereka menebang potion di hutan, mencari pakan ternak di wilayah terlarang, memakai tanah marjinal; dan dalam jumlah yang terus bertambah mereka memenuhi pusat perkotaan.Untuk mengatasi masalah kemiskinan dan kerusakan Iingkungan perlu dilakukan pembinaan dan pemberdayaan terhadap penduduk miskin sehingga mereka dapat memperoleh penghasilan untuk mencukupi kebutuhan hidupnya. Pembinaan dan pemberdayaan perlu dilakukan terhadap penduduk miskin di pedesaan karena sebagian besar penduduk miskin berada di pedesaan. Sebagian besar penduduk miskin di pedesaan adalah petani gurem dengan kepemilikan iahan kurang dari 0,5 hektar per rumah tangga petani (RTP). Jumlah petani gurem pada tahun 1993 adalah sebanyak 10,8 juta dan meningkat menjadi 13,7 juta pada tahun 2003.Pembinaan dan pemberdayaan penduduk miskin di pedesaan perlu dilakukan melalui pengembangan sektor pertanian yang terbukti menyerap banyak tenaga kerja dan menghasilkan komoditas pangan. Di antara komoditas pertanian yang dapat berperan dalam diversifikasi pangan dan dapat dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan pendapatan petani adalah komoditas jagung.Pengembangan budidaya tanaman jagung memiliki prospek ekonomis, yaitu untuk memenuhi kebutuhan dalam negeri dan berpeluang untuk diekspor ke luar negeri. Namun, pengembangan budidaya tanaman jagung secara intensif dan secara monokultur di Iingkungan alam Indonesia yang memiliki ekosistem hutan hujan tropis akan berakibat pada terjadinya degradasi Iingkungan, terganggunya keseimbangan ekosistem dan tidak berkelanjutan. Untuk mengatasi dampak yang merugikan terhadap lingkungan tersebut, perlu dilakukan pembinaan dan pemberdayaan terhadap petani agar mereka dapat melaksanakan dan mengembangkan sistem pertanian terpadu dan berkelanjutan, yang dapat menjaga kesuburan sumberdaya lahan pertanian secara berkelanjutan, menjaga keseimbangan ekosistem, tidak menremari lingkungan dan dapat meningkatkan produktivitas serta memberikan keuntungan kepada petani.Sistem pertanian berkelanjutan akan dapat mengurangi penggunaan pupuk kimia dan peslisida kimia, sedangkan Iimbah pertanian yang dihasilkan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pakan ternak ruminansia. Pembinaan dan pemberdayaan petani dalam pengembangan sistem pertanian berkelanjutan dapat dilaksanakan melalui kemitraan agribisnis.Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan model sistem pertanian yang ramah lingkungan dan berkelanjutan. Selain itu juga untuk mendapatkan model kemitraan agribisnis yang dapat membina petani dalam pengembangan pertanian berkelanjutan.Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode survei dengan penjelasan deskriptif-eksploratori untuk memperoleh gambaran petani dalam hubungannya dengan pengembangan pertanian berkelanjutan. Sumber data primer diperoleh dari petani responden (33 petani) Desa Mojo, Kec. Andong, Kab. Boyolali serial lembaga Pembina petani, yaitu: PT. Dharma Niaga (Kemitraan Usaha Bersama) dan CV. Dus International Trading (Program Pembangunan Kemandirian Ekonomi Rakyat Melalui Pertanian Organik Terpadu).Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diajukan perlunya pengembangan sistem pertanian polikultur yang sesuai dengan dengan tipologi lingkungan Indonesia berbentuk hutan hujan tropis, berbeaya rendah dan sedikit masukan sumberdaya dari luar ekosistem pertanian. Selain itu, perk] dikembangkan kemitraan agribisnis yang tidak hanya dapat meningkatkan penghasilan petani tetapi juga dapat meningkatkan kemampuan petani dalam perbaikan kualitas ekosistem pertanian.

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A problem faced by Indonesia is the fairly large number of poor people, with totaled 36.1 million in 2004. The poor and hungry often destroy the environment where they live just to survive; they cut down trees in forests, they look for cattle feed in restricted areas, they use marginal lands, and in increasing number they crowd city centers.

In order to deal with problems of poverty and damaged environment, upgrading and empowering disadvantaged people should be initiated to help them make money to meet their own needs. The upgrade and empowerment programs should be aimed at poor people in villages because the fact shows that most of those living below poverty line are rural areas. Many of them are small farmers with land ownership of less than 0.5 hectare per household. The number of small farmers increased from 10.8 million in 1993 to 13.7 million in 2003.

Upgrading and empowering poor villagers should be done by promoting the agriculture sector which has shown to have employed many workers and provided food products. One of the agricultural commodities that are significant in food diversification and can be developed to increase farmers income is maize.

Cultivating maize has economic potential because the crops can supply domestic demands and foreign export. However, intensive and monoculture maize plantation in Indonesia with its tropical rain forest ecosystem could lead to environmental degradation and ecosystem imbalance, and would not be sustainable. In order to eliminate the damaging effects to the environment, it is necessary to upgrade and empower farmers to enable them to carry out and develop an integrated and sustainable agricultural system capable of keeping farmlands sustainably fertile, the ecosystem in balance and the environment dean and intact, as well as improving productivity and giving benefits to farmers.

A sustainable agricultural system can minimize the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides, and the produced wastes can be used as forage for ruminants. Farmers upgrading and empowering programs for developing a sustainable agricultural system is possible through an agribusiness partnership.

The reseach aimed to gather a model of the sustainable and environmental friendly agriculture system. The reseach to gather too a model of the agriculture partnership will be can to empowering farmers in the promotion of sustainable agriculture.

The reseach methode is survey methode with the exploratory-description to gather the farmers Image in promotion of sustainable agriculture. The primer resource from farmers in Desa Mojo, Kecamatan Andong, Kabupaten Boyolali and the empowering farmers institute (PT. Dharma Niaga and CV. Dus International Trading).

Based on the reseach above, it's suggested the promotion of policuiture agriculture system that in agreement with the environmental tipology of Indonesia is tropical rain forest, in low cost and low external input sustainable agriculture. It's. suggested too the promotion of the agribusiness partnership that just not can giving benefits to farmers but can also empowering farmers to increasing quality of the agriculture ecosystem."

"ABSTRAKSektor pertanian mengonsumsi 70% air Indonesia, terutama dari komoditas padi. Pertanian organik dapat menjadi alternatif efisiensi air. Riset ini bertujuan untuk melakukan kajian jejak air komoditas padi organik yang meliputi perhitungan jejak air (operasional dan rantai pasok), valuasi ekonomi, analisis keberlanjutan multidimensi, hingga perumusan strategi dengan analisis SWOT. Berdasarkan perhitungan jejak air, pertanian padi organik dapat menghemat 52,8% jejak air karena eliminasi jejak air abu-abu dari bahan kimia berbahaya. Sementara itu, status keberlanjutan tergolong sangat berkelanjutan untuk dimensi lingkungan, cukup berkelanjutan untuk dimensi sosial, namun dimensi sosial dinilai kurang berkelanjutan karena tidak tersedianya pasar bagi komoditas padi organik. Harga jual yang lebih tinggi dan biaya produksi yang relatif rendah menyebabkan valuasi ekonomi pertanian padi organik lebih tinggi dibandingkan pertanian padi konvensional, sehingga harga padi organik dapat ditekan. Rumah Mikroorganisme Lokal sebagai konsep pemberdayaan komunitas sosial menjadi strategi berbasis turn around yang ditawarkan untuk mengoptimalkan pertanian organik dalam perwujudan pertanian berkelanjutan.

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ABSTRACTAgricultural sector takes up to 70% to Indonesia water consumption, with rice as the highest. Organic farming comes up as an alternative for water efficiency. This research aims to assess water footprint of organic rice commodity, covering water footprint calculation (operational and supply chain), economic valuation, multidimensional sustainability analysis, and strategy conceptualization through SWOT analysis. According to water footprint calculation, organic rice farming saves 52.8% of water footprint due to elimination of gray water footprint as water polluted due to dangerous chemical used. Meanwhile, sustainability status is categorized as very sustainable for environment, fairly sustainable for social, meanwhile the economic is still less sustainable due to the limitation in market availability of organic rice. The higher selling price and lower production cost make the economic valuation of organic rice farming higher than the conventional. Therefore, the organic rice selling price should be lowered. Rumah Mikroorganisme Lokal as a concept of social community engagement is developed as turn around based strategy to optimize organic farming in achieving sustainable agriculture."