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"Since the emergence of Western philosophy and science among the Classical Greeks, debates have raged over the relative significance of biology and culture on an individuals behavior. Today, recent advances in genetics and biological science have pushed many scholars past the tired nature versus nurture debate to examine the various ways in which the natural and the social interact to influence human behavior. This brings a fresh approach to this emerging perspective. Rather than try to solve these issues universally, the text demonstrates that both social and biological mechanisms have varying degrees of influence in different situations. Through case studies of human universals such as incest aversion, fear, appetite, grief, and sex, the book first discusses the extreme instances in which biology determines behavior, in which culture dominates, and in which culture overrides basic biological instincts. It then details the variety of ways in which genes and environments interact-for instance, the primal drive to eat and store calories when food supplies were scarce and behavioral patterns in a society in which food is abundant and obesity is stigmatized. Now that it is often easier to change our biology rather than our culture, an understanding of which behaviors and traits are simply normal or abnormal, and which are pathological or necessitate treatment, is more important than ever."

"Latar belakang: Angka kriminalitas di kalangan anak dan remaja terus meningkat. Perilaku kriminal merupakan akibat dari masalah perilaku yang dialami oleh anak. Banyak faktor yang membentuk perilaku anak sejak dari masa kehamilan, seperti riwayat obstetri dan riwayat nutrisi ibu. Sayangnya, penelitian mengenai faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh terhadap perilaku kriminalitas anak selama masa kehamilan masih sangat terbatas.Tujuan: Mengetahui hubungan faktor riwayat obstetri dan nutrisi maternal terhadap kejadian kriminalitas pada anak.Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian analitik observasional dengan metode case control. Kelompok kasus penelitian ini merupakan ibu dari anak pelaku pidana di Lembaga Pembinaan Khusus Anak Tangerang, sementara kelompok kontrol merupakan ibu dari anak dengan usia remaja bukan pelaku pidana yang berkunjung ke Poliklinik Obstetri dan Ginekologi RSCM menggunakan metode consecutive sampling pada Januari 2016 hingga Maret 2019. Data yang dikumpulkan berupa riwayat obstetrik melalui wawancara dan riwayat nutrisi yang didapatkan menggunakan kuesioner Food Frequency Questionnaire versi Bahasa Indonesia. Data numerik dianalisis menggunakan uji t tidak berpasangan atau Mann Whitney U, sementara data kategorik dianalisis menggunakan uji Chi square atau Fisher. Hasil: Didapatkan sebanyak 56 subyek ibu dari anak pelaku pidana yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi penelitian dan 38 subyek sebagai kontrol. Riwayat obstetri yang berperan terhadap kejadian kriminalitas pada anak adalah paritas (p = 0,006), tempat kontrol kehamilan (p < 0,001), penolong persalinan (p < 0,001), dan tempat bersalin (p < 0,001). Riwayat kecukupan nutrisi yang bermakna terhadap kejadian kriminalitas adalah serat (p = 0,012), asam folat (p = 0,033), vitamin B1 (p = 0,046), vitamin B2 (p = 0,013), vitamin B6 (p < 0,001), dan vitamin C (p < 0,001).Kesimpulan: Faktor riwayat obstetrik dan riwayat nutrisi maternal memiliki pengaruh terhadap perilaku kriminal pada anak. Sebaiknya penelitian selanjutnya dilakukan menggunakan metode kohort dengan jangka waktu yang lebih panjang.

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Background: Crime rate among children and adolescents continues to increase. Criminal behaviour is a result of behavioral problems experienced by children. Many factors shape the behavior of children starting from pregnancy, such as obstetric history and maternal nutritional history. Unfortunately, research on factors influencing violent crime behavior during pregnancy is still limited.

Objective: To determine the relationship between obstetric history and maternal nutrition factors to the incidence of crime in children.

Method: This study was an observational analytic study using case control method. The subject of this research is mother of a child criminal offender in Tangerang Juvenile Detention Center who was recruited using consecutive sampling method. Sampling was conducted in January 2016 to March 2019. Nutrition history data were obtained using Indonesian version of the Food Frequency Questionnaire.

Result: There were 56 mothers of child offenders who met the study inclusion criteria and 38 subjects as controls. A significant obstetric history of violent crime in children is parity (p = 0.006), place of pregnancy control (p <0.001), birth attendants (p <0.001), and place of delivery (p <0.001). A history of nutritional adequacy that was significant for violent crime was fiber (p = 0.012), folic acid (p = 0.033), vitamin B1 (p = 0.046), vitamin B2 (p = 0.013), vitamin B6 (p <0.001), and vitamin C (p <0.001).

Conclusion: Obstetric history and maternal nutrition factors influence incidence of crime in children. Further study about this topic should be done using retrospective cohort method spanning a larger period of time."

"Jabatan Bupati merupakan jabatan birokrasi yang sah dan bersifat monopolitis dalam mengangkat atau memberhentikan pejabat yang ada dalam wilayah kewenangannya. Pengangkatan tersebut ditentukan berdasarkan perbandingan objektif antara kompetensi, kualifikasi, serta persyaratan yang dibutuhkan untuk jabatan tersebut. Namun, dalam pelaksanaannya terdapat pelanggaran yang dilakukan oleh Bupati dan stafnya yang memanfaatkan kewenangan yang dimiliki untuk melakukan jual-beli jabatan, yang mana kerjasama antara Bupatidan stafnya dalam jual-beli jabatan ini digunakan mereka untuk meraihkeuntungan pribadi. Tulisan ini disusun untuk menganalisis kasus jual beli jabatan yang dilakukan oleh Bupati dan staf di kabupaten X dengan menggunakan konsep occupational criminal behavior.

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The position of regent is a legal bureaucratic position that monopolistic in nature on appointing or dismissing officials in their jurisdictions.The appointment is determined based on an objective comparison between competencies, qualifications, and requirements needed for the position. However, in its implementation there were violations committed by the regent and his staff who made use of their authority to carry out the sale of said positions, in which cooperation between the regent and his staff in buying and selling these positions is used by them to gain personal gain. This paper is made to analyze the case of buying and selling of positions carried out by the regents and his staff in district X using the concepts of criminal behavior."

"ABSTRAK<>br>Artikel ini akan membahas kasus tindak pidana korupsi dalam pengadaan pesawat yang menyebabkan kredit macet oleh Bank DKI, sehingga menyebabkan kerugian keuangan negara. Kasus ini bermula dari debitur yang mengajukan kredit dan orang ndash; orang dalam Bank DKI yang melakukan tindakan curang. Didalam uraian data yang menjelaskan kasus tersebut dilihat dari berbagai aspek yang mengacu pada satu teori. Para pelaku tindak kejahatan ini dianalisis lebih lanjut dengan menggunakan Occupational Criminal Behavior System yang terdiri dari lima aspek yaitu aspek hukum legal aspect of selected offenses , perilaku karir kriminal criminal career of the offender , dukungan kelompok terhadap pelaku group support criminal behavior , hubungan antara tindak pidana dengan perilaku yang sah correspondence between criminal and legitimate behavior dan reaksi masyarakat serta proses hukum societal reaction and legal processing . Artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa kasus tindak pidana korupsi yang menyebabkan kredit macet oleh Bank DKI ini dapat dihubungkan dengan lima aspek Occupational Criminal Behavior System.

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ABSTRACT<>br>This article discussed a case of corruption in the aircraft procurement affected by Non Performing Loan NPL of Bank DKI which caused a state financial lossed. This case caused by debtors who apply for credit and employee in Bank DKI who commit fraudulent actions. The analysis of the data described in the case is seen from various aspects. The perpetrators of this crime are further analyzed by using occupational criminal behavior which consists of five aspects legal aspect of the selected offense, criminal career behavior, group support of criminal behavior, the relationship between criminal acts and legitimate behavior correspondence between criminal and legitimate behavior and community reactions and legal processes. This article shows the existence of a corruption criminal case can be connected with five aspects from Occupational Criminal Behavior System."