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"Skripsi ini membahas mengenai manusia sebagai makhluk unik yang berada di antara elan vital dan materi. Manusia memiliki kodrat untuk selalu menuju _lan vital yang merupakan jalan menuju kebebasan. Akan tetapi, ketidakwaspadaan dapat menyebabkan manusia tergelincir menuju materi. Ketergelinciran ini disebut dengan komik. Pada situasi dan kondisi komik, manusia kehilangan kebebasannya. Segala geraknya terdeterminasi dan terlihat seperti mesin yang bergerak mekanis dan otomatis. Di dalam masyarakat situasi komik dianggap sebagai ancaman. Ketidakmampuan untuk beradaptasi menyebabkan seseorang menjadi komik. Hukuman bagi seseorang yang berlaku komik adalah dengan ditertawakan.

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This essay discusses about man as unique creatures existing between the elan vital and the matter. Naturally, man always toward to _lan vital which is the road to freedom. However, incautiousness can slip him to the matter. This loseness is called with comic. In the comic situations and conditions, man loss his freedom. Their movements are determined and looked like the engine moving automatically and mechanically. In society, comic situation is seen as a threat. Inability to adapt can cause someone to be comic. The punishment for someone who act comically is being laugh."

"ABSTRAKWali merupakatr seonng yatrg diarygap dekat denga[ Tuhatr di dalam dunia Islam. Kedekatatr tersebut terlihat dari cara hiduprya yang tidak terlepas dari prilaL'u, perbuatan, dan tutur katanya yaog selaras dengan kehidupan Rasulullah. Disioilah Tuhan memberi anugerah berupa karamah sebagai penjagaan dirinya dari musuh-musuhnya. Selah itu adalya karamah pada seorarg wali juga utrtuk menolong masyamkat Islam bail ya.ng dikenalnya ataupun yang tidak dikenalnya. Maka disinilah masyarakat Islam percaya bahwa seorang wali merupakar wasilal (perantara) agar harapan dan doaaya dikabulkan oleh Allalr. Adapur bulu Le Culte Dans Le Monde Musulnan (Ziarah dan Wali di Dunia Islam) meryBngkap dimel1si karamah datr tawasul merurut pe$pettif orientalis. Menariknya pada buku tersebut, Henri Chambert Loir dan Claude Guillot memaparka[ peldapat tenta[g karamah dan tawasul melalui penelitiamya di lndonesra.Tujuan dafi penelitian id adalah untuk mengetahui dimensi kammah dan tawasul dad Heori Chambert Lotu dan Claude cuillot di dalam buku Le Culte Dans Le Monde Musulnan (Ziarah dan Wali di Dunia lslam). Mereka memaparkan tetrtalg karainah dao tawasul melalui narasi-narasi. Maka penulis akan medlai sisi objektifititas narasi-naxasi Hend Chambert Loir dar Claude Guiflot di dalam bular Le Culte Da.]$ Le Monde Musulmar (Ziarah dar Wati di Duaia Islam).Memang pada padangatr-pandatrgan dad Heffi Chambert Loir datr Gulliot di dalam buku Le Culte Dans Le Mo[de Musulmatr belu4 represefiatif di dalam memaparkatr dimetrsi karamah datl tawasul. Karetra pendapat mereka tidak dipe (Iat pendapat ulana-ulalru Islam. Maka dari itu peneliti meletrgkapi kekuangan ters?but. Pe.rdekatan pada perclitia! ini adalah kua.litatif. Karakteristik dari perclitian kualitatif yaitu konsepnya tidak rnenyeluruh karena kualgrya teorj dari perclitian terdahulu- Mematg teod dad pene]itiar terdahulu ada akan tetapi belum tepat atau kurang mendalam. Alasat dari memilih pendekatan iri kffena ingh metrdapat peirahaman nqeodalarn tentang dimeosi karamah dan taoasul di dalam buku Le Culte Dans Le Monde Musuhnal lZiarah dan Wali di Duria Islam).

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ABSTRACT

In the Islamic world, Saints are those considered close to God. The closeness can be seen in their way of life, includitrg their behavior, actions, and sayings, which are tn tune with the Prophet's way of life. This is where God gants karamah tu guard the saints from the eoemies. Besides, the Karamah they orrn is also to help Muslim communities whether familair to them ot llot. Therefore, the Islamic communi$/ then believe that the sairlt is a wasilah (intermediaries) itr hophg that their U&yer is ganted by Allah. The book Le Culte Dans Le Monde Musuliutr (Pilgrimage and Trustee in the Islamic Wo d) reveals the dimensions of karamah and tawasul according to the odentalist perspective. I erestitrgly, in the book, Heffi Chambert Loir afld Claude cuillot descdbe opiaions about Karamah and tawasul tbrough their research in Indonesia.

The purose ofthis study was to determine the dimensions ofkaramah and tawasul meant by Henri Chambert Loir and Claude Guillot in their book, Le Culre Darts Le Monde Musulman (Pilgrimage aod Sahts itr the Islarnic world). They er?lained about Kaxamah ad tawasul though narratives. Alld the kammah and tawasul discussed by Hend Chambert Loir ard Claude Guillot are those in Indolesia. The authofi assess the objectiyi!, ofnaoatives by Henri Chambert Loir and Claude Guillot in tle book Le Culte Dal1s Le Moode Musulmar (Pilgrimage and Sai s in the Islamic vorld).

However, the views of Henri Chambert Loir and Gulliot in the book, Le Culte Dans Le Monde Musulman, are not i.rlly representative io describing the dimensions karamal and tawasul. Because theil opinions are not rehforced by the opirior1 of Islamic scholals. Thus the researc]te$ complemert the shortage. Tlrc approach in tlis study is qualitative. Cha.racteristics ofqualitative research are not as thorough coNidering the lack oftheory ofprgvious studies. lndeed, the theory ofprcvious studies exist but have rot been appropiate or less depth. The reason of choosing this approach is to gain a deep understanding of the dimensiors of Karamah ad tawasul h the book of l? Culte Dans Le Monde Musdman. (Pilgdmage and Trustee in the Islamic world). To suppofi these studies the authors use the method literature."

"The book describes the life of Henri Poincaré, his work style and in detail most of his unique achievements in mathematics and physics. Apart from biographical details, attention is given to Poincaré's contributions to automorphic functions, differential equations and dynamical systems, celestial mechanics, mathematical physics in particular the theory of the electron and relativity, topology (analysis situs). A chapter on philosophy explains Poincaré's conventionalism in mathematics and his view of conventionalism in physics, the latter has a very different character. In the foundations of mathematics his position is between intuitionism and axiomatics."

"Transformasi ruang pedesaan menjadi kebutuhan mendesak mengingat adanya kesenjangan signifikan dalam pembangunan antara kawasan perkotaan dan pedesaan, terutama terkait akses teknologi dan infrastruktur digital. Makalah ini bertujuan menganalisis permasalahan tata ruang dan transformasi pedesaan di Indonesia menuju desa modern di era digital melalui perspektif teori produksi ruang Henri Lefebvre. Ia melihat ruang sebagai produk sosial yang dihasilkan melalui interaksi antara praktik sosial, representasi ruang, dan makna simbolis yang melekat pada ruang itu sendiri. Penelitian ini memakai metode kualitatif dan fenomenologi sebagai upaya untuk memperoleh wawasan serta penafsiran dalam pemaknaan yang mendalam. Temuan analisis menunjukkan permasalahan tata ruang pedesaan di Indonesia disebabkan oleh kurangnya infrastruktur digital, kebijakan yang tidak inklusif, serta kesenjangan pembangunan antara perkotaan dan pedesaan. Minimnya partisipasi masyarakat dalam perencanaan ruang memperburuk situasi, sehingga diperlukan pendekatan berbasis keadilan spasial dan sinergi antar pihak. Teori produksi ruang Henri Lefebvre, dengan tiga dimensinya, menawarkan kerangka untuk menciptakan tata ruang pedesaan yang inklusif dan berkelanjutan, dengan memperhatikan identitas budaya lokal dan distribusi sumber daya yang adil. Transformasi ruang pedesaan di era digital membawa dampak sosial, ekonomi, dan budaya yang signifikan, baik peluang maupun risiko. Pendekatan Lefebvre dapat menjadi solusi strategis untuk mengantisipasi risiko ini melalui perencanaan ruang yang holistik, partisipatif, dan berorientasi pada keberlanjutan.

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Transforming rural spaces is an urgent need considering the significant gap in development between urban and rural areas, especially regarding access to technology and digital infrastructure. This paper aims to analyze spatial planning problems and rural transformation in Indonesia towards modern villages in the digital era through the perspective of Henri Lefebvre's spatial productions theory. He sees space as a social product produced through interactions between social practices, representations of space, and symbolic meanings attached to space itself. This research uses qualitative and phenomenological methods as an effort to gain insight and interpretation of in-depth meaning. The analysis findings show that rural spatial problems in Indonesia are caused by a lack of digital infrastructure, noninclusive policies, and development gaps between urban and rural areas. The lack of community participation in spatial planning worsens the situation, so an approach based on spatial justice and synergy between parties is needed. Henri Lefebvre's theory of spatial production, with its three dimensions, offers a framework for creating inclusive and sustainable rural spatial planning, taking into account local cultural identity and equitable distribution of resources. The transformation of rural spaces in the digital era brings significant social, economic and cultural impacts, both opportunities and risks. Lefebvre's approach can be a strategic solution to anticipate this risk through holistic, participatory and sustainability-oriented spatial planning."