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"In 1859, Italy for the first time introduced a national education system, which main purpose was to demolish illiteracy throughout t.he nation. In 1923, the structural foundation for in first level education (basic and intermediate education) was formed. Through time, Italian education system has been reformed to reach its general direction as well as to cope with the changes of time. Higher education reformation in Italy is aimed to reach a general direction called "a european space of high school education" and this direction is an answer to the demand of change, to the globalization, and to the enlargement of European Union membership. However, the question now is if the original general direction which was mentioned in the Casati?s law, which aimed to demolish illiteracy, then, through time, is transformed to demolish illiteracy in informatics' technology in the platform of reformation in higher education. The establishment of new norms in EuropeaN's higher education system could be an indicator of general improvement in Europeans higher education system."

"This paper seeks to investigate the role of islamik education in Indonesia since pre-independence time.The dichotomic system of schooling,for instance,gives much influence to the system and reformation of Islamic education in Indonesia.The separation between Islamic shool and and non-Islamic based shool,even though organized by Muslim groups has distanced a sense os social and religous values that may reinforce the student's behavior."