Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Sanksi merupakan alat kebijakan luar negeri yang digunakan ketika diplomasi tidak lagi efektif. Amerika Serikat (AS) menjadi salah satu negara yang sudah menggunakan sanksi sejak abad ke-19, salah satunya terhadap Kuba. Secara historis, AS dan Kuba merupakan dua negara yang telah menjalin hubungan, terutama dalam bidang ekonomi. Namun, semua ini berubah ketika Fidel Castro memerintah Kuba pada tahun 1961 yang melancarkan Revolusi Kuba dan tidak lagi sejalan dengan kepentingan  AS, yaitu mengikuti nilai-nilai liberal. Sebagai respon, AS memberlakukan sanksi ekonomi di bawah sepuluh pemerintahan yang berbeda. Kendati demikian, 17 Desember 2014 menjadi titik balik hubungan kedua negara dengan diumumkannya normalisasi hubungan oleh kedua belah pihak. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini berupaya menjelaskan dan menganalisis faktor-faktor yang membawa AS pada keputusan normalisasi hubungan dengan Kuba. Penelitian ini pun menggunakan metodologi penelitian kualitatif dengan kerangka teori realisme neoklasik. Argumen utama dari penelitian ini adalah keputusan AS melakukan normalisasi hubungan dengan Kuba ditentukan oleh faktor sistemik dan domestik. Pada tingkat sistemik, distribusi kapabilitas relatif AS, sifat lingkungan strategis AS, dan  menentukan tekanan sistem bagi AS. Kemudian, pada tingkat domestik, keputusan tersebut dipengaruhi oleh aktor domestik, polarisasi politik domestik dan tantangan politik pada pemerintahan Obama, serta respon pemerintahan Obama terhadap dinamika politik domestik terkait hubungan AS dan Kuba.

---

Sanction is a foreign policy tool used when diplomacy fails to be effective. The United States (US) is one of the countries that has been using sanctions since the 19 century, including against Cuba. Historically, US and Cuba had established relations, particularly in the economic field. However, this all changed when Fidel Castro became the leader of Cuba in 1961 and carried out the Cuban Revolution. Such action was not in line with the US interest which aimed to promote liberal values. In response, US imposed economic sanctions under ten different administrations. Nevertheless, December 17, 2014, marked a turning point of the relationship between these two countries with the announcement of the normalizations of relations. Therefore, this study aims to explain and analyze the factors that led US to the decision of normalizing relations with Cuba. This research utilizes a qualitative research methodology with a framework of neoclassical realism theory. The main argument of this study is that the decision of US to normalize relations with Cuba is determined by systemic factors that are intervened by domestic factors, resulting in the decision of normalization. At the systemic level, the relative distribution of power, the geographic proximity between US and Cuba, as well as the geopolitical context and international events, exert structural pressure on US. At the domestic level, the decision is influenced by domestic actors, political polarization and challenges within the Obama administrations, as well as the Obama administration’s response to the domestic political dynamics related to US-Cuba relations."

"Anti-American feeling is at an all-time high. Other nations and cultures have singled out our businesses, government, and way of life for harsh scorn, widespread resentment, even violence. This book is an exploration of this phenomenon, from its causes and earliest manifestations to current efforts by businesses and other organizations to mitigate it. Based on a deep understanding of anti-Americanism's roots, "Rebuilding Brand America" is a call to action that will help U.S.-based companies prosper in global markets."