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"This paper seeks to provide a brief introduction to three of the major sources of Japanese crime statistics. The focus is upon questions concerning the validity of the statistics, and the paper also seeks to provide a brief introduction to the definition of offences within the Japanese Penal Code. An almost uncritical acceptance of the validity of these statistics has been a feature of the majority of those English-language works that have dealt with the Japanese criminal justice system. However, the conclusion reached here is that the statistics are shaped by their legal context, by police recording practices, and by the form in which they are presented in the sourcebooks. Consequently, they must be deployed with caution and with due regard for their potential limitations and biases. Nevertheless, the Hanzai Tokeisho in particular are valuable in permitting a variety of analytical approaches that can both extend the understanding of crime and criminal justice in Japan and advance the debate surrounding Japanese 'uniqueness'."

"Skripsi ini membahas bagaimana suatu perbuatan yang dianggap patut dipidana berdasarkan hukum yang hidup dalam masyarakat, dapat dipidana dengan hukum pidana nasional. Dalam hal ini hukum yang hidup adalah hukum adat. Dasar hukum yang mengatur mengenai instrumen hukum yang mendasari tindakan penghukuman berdasarkan hukum adat tadi adalah UU No. 1 Darurat Tahun 1951 dan Rancangan KUHP. Penelitian ini berfokus pada kriteria yang harus dipenuhi agar seseorang berdasarkan hukum adat dapat dihukum pidana. Pemidanaan tersebut kemudian dikaitkan dengan konsep asas legalitas yang hidup dalam sistem hukum pidana Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Hasil penelitian ini menghasilkan kesimpulan bahwa konsep asas legalitas yang terkandung dalam KUHP dan Rancangan KUHP itu berbeda dan tidak dapat saling diperbandingkan, dan mengenai konsep pidana adat yang lebih baik adalah konsep pidana adat yang ada di dalam Rancangan KUHP.

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This thesis discusses how an act is convicted under the living law in a society, in this case is adat law. The legal basis for regulating the legal instruments underlying the act of punishing based on adat law, which is the law No. 1 Emergency in 1951 and The Draft Criminal Code. This research focuses on the criteria have to be fulfilled that somebody based on adat law punishable by criminal punishment. Convictions was then associated with the principles of legality concept living in criminal law system of Indonesia. This thesis is using literature research method. Results of this research is the concept of the principle of legality are contained in the Criminal Code and the Draft Criminal Code was different and cannot be compared to each other, and regarding the concept criminal customary better is the concept of criminal customary that is in The Draft Criminal Code."