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"In recent years, bridge engineers and researchers are increasingly turning to the finite element method for the design of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges. However, the complexity of the method has made the transition slow. Based on twenty years of experience, Finite element analysis and design of steel and steel-concrete composite bridges provides structural engineers and researchers with detailed modeling techniques for creating robust design models. The book?s seven chapters begin with an overview of the various forms of modern steel and steel?concrete composite bridges as well as current design codes. This is followed by self-contained chapters concerning: nonlinear material behavior of the bridge components, applied loads and stability of steel and steel?concrete composite bridges, and design of steel and steel?concrete composite bridge components."

"Gedung Bank of America Plaza adalah gedung yang sudah dibangun di San Diego, California, Amerika Serikat. Gedung tersebut merupakan gedung dengan satu sistem penahan beban lateral (single system), yaitu EBF (Eccentrically Braced Frame). Tinggi dari gedung tersebut melampaui batas limit yang sudah ditetapkan untuk gedung dengan satu sistem penahan beban lateral untuk EBF, yaitu 48 meter berdasarkan SNI 1726:2012 tentang Perencanaan Gedung Tahan Gempa. Metode untuk pengecekan awal struktur adalah metode pengecekan Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio (DCR) dan nilai DCR harus kurang dari 1 (satu). Dari hasil pengecekan DCR, struktur memiliki penampang profil baja bervariasi. Pada kolom bagian plaza1 dan plaza2, ada beberapa yang harus menggunakan pelat tambahan pada sayap profil untuk menambah kekuatan nominal terhadap beban aksial. Nilai gaya geser dasar seismik respon spektrum kurang dari 0,85 kali dari gaya geser dasar sesimik statik ekivalen, sehingga beban lateral yang digunakan harus diskalakan dan diperbesar berdasarkan SNI 1726:2012 Nilai drift terbesar pada arah x terjadi pada story11, yaitu sebesar 2,026 inchi. Nilai drift terbesar pada arah y terjadi pada story11, yaitu sebesar 1,478 inchi. Karena nilai drift izin yang didapatkan dari hasil perhitungan SNI 1726:2012 adalah 2,584 inchi, nilai drift maksimum struktur memenuhi syarat berdasarkan peraturan SNI 1726:2012. Oleh karena itu, struktur tersebut bisa aman dibangun terhadap beban gempa dengan proses desain yang benar sesuai dengan SNI 1726:2012.

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Bank of America Plaza building is a building that built in San Diego, California, United States of America. The building is single system seismic resisting type bulding (Eccentrically Braced Frame). The height of building is overlimit of the standard SNI 1726:2012 for EBF single system building, the limit is 48 meters. The first method to early check design is Demand/Capacity (D/C) Ratio (DCR) method and the value of DCR must be below of one. From the result of DCR check, the structure has variation of steel profile. For column in plaza1 and plaza2, there are additional steel plate in flange for the improvement of nominal capacity for internal axial force. Respon spectrum’s seismic base shear is below of 0,85 times of static equivalent’s seismic base shear, so lateral force must be scale up based on SNI 1726:2012. Drift maximum in axis x is 2,026 in and drift maximum in axis y is 1,478 in. Because drift limit based on SNI 1726:2012 is 2,584 in, drift maximum of structure is satisfy the condition for allowable drift. Therefore, based on SNI 1726:2012, the structure is safe to be built for seismic load and right design process."