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"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membandingkan metode Horizontal Gradient Amplitude (HGA) dan Enhanced Horizontal Gradient Amplitude (EHGA) dalam mendelineasi struktur geologi Pulau Timor menggunakan data gravitasi satelit TOPEX/Poseidon. Filter HGA dan EHGA diterapkan pada peta Anomali Bouguer Lengkap (ABL), residual, dan ABL upward continuated 3 km. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa filter EHGA memiliki resolusi lebih tinggi dan mampu menampilkan kontras densitas secara lebih detail dibandingkan filter HGA. Arah dominan struktur geologi yang dihasilkan oleh kedua filter menunjukkan pola yang konsisten yaitu arah timur laut-barat daya. Filter EHGA mampu mendeteksi pinggiran anomali yang lebih halus dan detail, menunjukkan potensi yang lebih baik dalam interpretasi struktur geologi bawah permukaan.

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The study aims to compare the methods of the Horizontal Gradient Amplitude (HGA) and Enhanced Horizontal gradient amplitude (EHGA) in linearizing the geological structure of the island of Timor using TOPEX/Poseidon satellite gravity data. The HGA and EHGA filters were applied to the Bouguer Anomaly Map (ABL), residual, and ABL upward continued 3 km. The results of the research showed that the EHGA filter has a higher resolution and is able to display density contrast in more detail than the HGA filter. The dominant direction of the geological structure generated by both filters shows consistent patterns. The EHGA Filter is capable of detecting a more subtle and detailed periphery of the anomaly, showing a better potential in interpreting geological structures under the surface."

"Lapangan panas bumi Sembalun terletak di Lombok Timur, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Telah dilakukan survey lapangan secara geologi, geokimia, dan geofisika pada tahun 2007 oleh tim peneliti dari PSDG. Dari hasil pengukuran  dan survey lapangan ditemukan manifestasi panas bumi berupa air panas Sebau dan air hangat Orok. Selain manifestasi yang  ditemukan terdapat pula batuan teralterasi di wilayah Sembalun Lawang dan struktur geologi yang diperkirakan menjadi pengontrol manifestasi panas bumi Sembalun. Berdasarkan data penarikan gaya berat yang dilakukan tim peneliti PSDG pada tahun 2007 orientasi pola sesar didominasi arah Utara-Selatan. Dari analisis data gravitasi satelit, dapat diamati persebaran struktur yang berada disekitar manifestasi, persebaran struktur orientasi didominasi dengan arah baratdaya-timur laut yang hampir utara-selatan. Dengan pemanfaatan metode gravitasi satelit ini didapatkan adanya struktur yang menjadi pengontrol manifestasi air panas Sebau didaerah panas bumi Sembalun. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat digunakan untuk melakukan penelitian tahap lanjut dalam pengembangan potensi panas bumi didaerah Sembalun.

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Sembalun geothermal field is located in East Lombok, Nusa Tenggara Barat. Geological, geochemical, and geophysical field surveys were conducted in 2007 by the research team from Geological Agency. From the results of measurements and field surveys, geothermal manifestations were found hotspring, in the form of Sebau hot water and Orok warm water. In addition to the manifestations found, there are also altered rocks in the Sembalun Lawang area and geological structures that are thought to control the geothermal manifestations of Sembalun. Based on gravity lineament data conducted by the PSDG research team in 2007, the orientation of the fault pattern is dominated by the North-South direction. While based on analysis of satellite gravity data, the distribution of the structure around the manifestation, orientation of the structure is dominated by the Southwest-Northeast which is almost north-south like a research of Geological Agency. By utilizing this satellite gravity method, structures were found that control the manifestation of the Sebau hot springs in the Sembalun geothermal area. The results of this study can be used to conduct further research in the development of geothermal potential in the Sembalun area. "

"Jakarta merupakan kota besar yang penduduknya sebanyak 10.37 juta jiwa. Sebagian besar kebutuhan air warga Jakarta berasal dari air sumur, namun di beberapa daerah airnya tidak bisa digunakan karena payau atau bahkan asin. Isu air asin di daerah Jakarta bukan merupakan hal baru. Penelitian yang sebelumnya telah dilakukan oleh berbagai ahli menghasilkan 2 kubu kesimpulan, air asin yang ada karena intrusi dan air asin yang ada karena air purba. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menambah sudut pandang baru dalam memahami air asin di Jakarta Utara. Metode yang digunakan adalah pengukuran nilai gravitasi untuk didapatkan gradien horizontalnya. Metode lain yang digunakan adalah uji sampel air sumur di daerah penelitian untuk didapatkan nilai pH, konduktivitas, salinitas, serta elevasi muka air tanah.  Kedua metode ini diinterpretasikan secara terpadu untuk mendapatkan arah aliran fluida bawah permukaan. Hasil yang didapat dari peta salinitas dan konduktivitas menunjukkan kecocokan tren, tinggi di Utara dan semakin rendah ke arah Selatan. Integrasi dengan data gravitasi dan peta geologi menunjukkan aliran fluida dari Timur Laut ke Barat Daya. Berbagai metode yang digunakan di penelitian mendapatkan hasil yang serupa, yaitu adanya fluida dari laut ke darat, dengan kata lain, ada intrusi air laut yang menyebabkan adanya air asin di daerah penelitian.

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Jakarta is a large city with 10.37 people lives there. Most of clean water needs is provided by groundwater. This might be a problem for some area with groundwater problems such as brine, or even salty water. Salt water issue in Jakarta is not uncommon. Many researchers have conducted their research on this topic from many perspectives. They are all divided into 2 main general conclusion, salt water happens because of intrusion and salt water is there because it is a connate water. This research aims to give a new perspective on understanding salt water issue. Methods used for this research are gravity measurement to get horizontal gradient value. The other is groundwater well sampling to measure the value of pH, salinity, conductivity, and water table elevation. These methods will be integrately interpretated to get the direction of subsurface fluid flow. Results from salinity and conductivity of groundwater shows more salinity and conductivity on the North direction and less on the South direction. Gravity data and geological map also suggest that there is a fluid flow coming from North East to South West. All of these methods used in this study have come to one conclusion, there is water flowing from the sea to the land, therefore there is saltwater intrusion on the region where this study is conducted."

"Wilayah eksplorasi panas bumi Hu’u Daha merupakan salah satu wilayah yang dianggap potensial untuk dijadikan sumber energi alternatif berupa energi panas bumi. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan korelasi hasil pengolahan data gravitasi dengan data Land Surface Temperature (LST) untuk memperkirakan adanya sumber panas bumi, di mana titik-titik dengan nilai gravitasi tinggi kemungkinan besar merupakan lokasi adanya sumber panas bumi dan memperkirakan suhu reservoir panas bumi di bawah permukaan tanah. Dalam pengolahan data tersebut, dilakukan tahapan filtering First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) yang menunjukkan adanya 6 struktur geologi pada daerah Hu’u Daha dengan arah patahan barat laut-tenggara, barat-timur, hingga timur laut-barat daya yang mengontrol sistem panas bumi daerah penelitian yang ditandai oleh garis berwarna hitam. Kemudian dilakukan analisis patahan dan analisis 3D inversi yang dimana dugaan keterdapatan lapisan reservoir berupa batuan lava dan breksi berkomposisi andesit dan basalt serta sisipan batuan tufa dengan rerata kedalaman 633-1500 m dengan nilai densitas 3.4-3.33 gr/cm3 yang dilingkupi oleh lapisan cap rock berupa batuan lava hasil erupsi dengan kedalaman rata-rata 0-633 m dengan nilai densitas 3.51-3.44 gr/cm3, serta terdapat patahan-patahan yang mengontrol sistem panas bumi berdasarkan korelasi FHD dan SVD.

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The exploration area of Hu'u Daha geothermal field is considered to be a potential source of alternative energy in the form of geothermal energy. In this study, the correlation between gravity data and Land Surface Temperature (LST) was conducted to estimate the presence of geothermal sources. Points with high gravity values are likely locations of geothermal sources, and the temperature of the geothermal reservoir beneath the ground surface was estimated. The data processing involved the use of First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) and Second Vertical Derivative (SVD) filtering, which revealed the presence of six geological structures in the Hu'u Daha area, characterized by fault lines in the northwest-southeast, west-east, and northeast-southwest directions, controlling the geothermal system. Subsequently, fault analysis and 3D inversion analysis were performed, indicating the suspected presence of a reservoir layer consisting of andesite and basalt rock, as well as tufa rock, at an average depth of 633-1500 m with a density value of 3.4-3.33 g/cm3. This layer is covered by a cap rock layer of erupted lava rock at an average depth of 0-633 m with a density value of 3.51-3.44 g/cm3. The analysis also identified faults controlling the geothermal system based on the correlation of FHD and SVD."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian guna delineasi zona prospek sistem panasbumi daerah ldquo;Z rdquo; menggunakan permodelan tiga Dimensi magnrtotellurik didukung data terpadu berupa geologi dan geokimia serta terintegrasi data gravitasi. Daerah panasbumi ldquo;Z rdquo; dalam tatanan tektoniknya termasuk pada jalur backarc Sumatera, tepat pada salah satu segmen sesar Sumatera bagian selatan, disusun oleh batuan vulkanik dan sedimen klastik yang berumur Tersier hingga Kuarter Andesit-Basalt . Gejala adanya sistem panasbumi pada daerah penelitian ditandai dengan kemunculan manifestasi permukaan berupa alterasi dan lima mata air panas bersuhu 44,4 - 92,5 oC, pH 8,19 - 9,43 dan bertipe bikarbonat, sulfat-bikarbonat, serta sulfat-klorida. Pembentukan sistem panasbumi dipengaruhi oleh aktivitas tektonik menyerong oblique antara lempeng Samudera India dan Lempeng Kontinen Eurasia searah dengan pola sesar Sumatera. Berdasarkan analisis air panasbumi temperatur reservoir diambil melalui perhitungan geothermomether SiO2 Fournier 1977 , Na-K Giggenbach 1988 , Na-K-Ca, diagram Na-K-Mg serta diagram Enthalphy - Cloride Mixing Model berkisar 145 - 155oC, termasuk dalam sistem panas bumi bertemperatur sedang. Berdasarkan inversi tiga dimensi data MT didapatkan kedalaman Top of Reservoar TOR sistem panasbumi daerah ldquo;Z rdquo; sekitar 400 m elevasi 50 mdpl sedangkan berdasarkan forward modeling data gravitasi lintasan 2 dimensi diperkirakan sumber panas berupa cooling instrusion diperkirakan batuan gabro ; resistivitas ge; 450 ?m ; densitas 2,95 - 3,15 gr/cc dan reservoar berupa batupasir resistivitas 50 - 250 ?m ; densitas 2,60 gr/cc . Sistem panasbumi daerah penelitian termasuk jenis tektonik fracture zone dengan temperatur sedang dengan luas daerah prospek sekitar 7,5 km2.

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A study for delineating geothermal system of prospect area ldquo Z rdquo has been done by using tree dimension modeling of magnetotelluric supported unified data just like geological and goechemical and integrated gravity data. Geothermal area ldquo Z rdquo in tectonic setting included in Sumatra volcanic backarc, right on one of the southern part of Sumatra fault segment. Compodes by volcanic and clastic sendimentary rock are Tertiary to Quarternary Andesite Basalt. The existance of goethermal system in this area is indicated by the presence of thermal manifestation in form of alteration and five hot springs temperature in the ranges 44.4 ndash 92.5 oC, and pH 8.19 ndash 9.43 and type of fluida are bicarbonate, sulphate bicarbonate, and sulfate chloride. The development of geothermal system is affected by tectonic oblique between the Indian Ocean plate and the Eurasian Contenent Plate direction of the Sumatra fault patterns.

Based on the analysis of geothermal water reservoir temperature are taken through the calculation geothermometer SiO2 Fournier 1977, Na K Giggenbach 1988 , Na K Ca, Na K Mg diagram and Enthalpi Mixing Cloride Model range 145 ndash 155 oC, classified as intermediate temperature. Base on a three dimensional inversion of the magnetotelluric data obtained depth Top of Reservoir TOR geothermal system area ldquo Z rdquo about 400 m elevation 50 meters above sea leavel , while based on the two dimensional of the gravity data predicted heat sources such as cooling instrusion estimated gabbro density 2,95 ndash 3,15 gr cc and reservoar such as sandstone resistivity 50 ndash 250 m density 2,60 gr cc . The Geothermal systems of research area classified as the type of intermediate temperature tectonic fracture zone with prospect area about 7,5 km2."

"Wilayah Cisolok-Cisukarame merupakan area prospek geotermal liquid dominated geothermal system yang berlokasi di Kabupaten Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat, Indonesia. Aktivitas geotermalnya dicirikan dengan kemunculan manifestasi permukaan dalam bentuk mata air panas di sepanjang sungai Cisolok dan Cisukarame. Eksplorasi geotermal pertama di wilayah Cisolok-Cisukarame telah dilakukan sejak tahun 1970 dan sumur eksplorasi pertama dilakukan pada akhir 1986 di dekat mata air panas Cisolok hingga kedalaman 1200 meter dan mendapati temperatur di dasar sumur sebesar 120o C. Beberapa penelitian serupa telah dilakukan sebelumnya, namun model konseptual dari penelitian terdahulu belum secara akurat dapat menduga lokasi keberadaan reservoir dan heat source dikarenakan keterbatasan data sehingga interpretasi yang dilakukan belum tepat. Dalam penelitian ini, rekonstruksi model konseptual geotermal dilakukan untuk memecahkan permasalahan utama dalam menentukan keberadaan reservoir dan heat source, berbasis integrasi data geologi, geokimia, gravitasi satelit GGMPlus, dan magnetotellurik. Berdasarkan hasil interpretasi model konseptual yang telah direkonstruksi, keberadaan reservoir pada sistem geotermal Cisolok-Cisukarame diduga berada dibawah manifestasi permukaan Cisukarame yang berperan sebagai zona upflownya dan mengalami perluasan ke arah timur laut. Temperatur pada reservoir mencapai 235o C dengan sumber panas yang diduga berasal dari sisa panas Gunung Halimun berumur kuarter. Area prospek berdasarkan pertimbangan pola persebaran resistivitas serta batas reservoir diperkirakan memiliki luas sebesar 15 km2 dengan top of reservoir pada kedalaman 500 - 1000 meter. Lokasi titik pemboran sumur eksplorasi direkomendasikan berada pada zona permeable timur laut manifestasi Cisukarame mencapai kedalaman 1000 meter pada zona dengan temperature yang tinggi. Diperkirakan area prospek reservoir masih mengalami perluasan ke arah utara dan timur laut, namun diperlukan survei geofisika lanjut untuk mengonfirmasi kemungkinan possible extend tersebut.

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The Cisolok-Cisukarame region is a liquid dominated geothermal system prospect area located in Sukabumi Regency, West Java Province, Indonesia. Its geothermal activity is characterized by the appearance of surface manifestations in the form of hot springs along the Cisolok and Cisukarame rivers. The first geothermal exploration in the Cisolok-Cisukarame area has been carried out since 1970 and the first exploration well was carried out at the end of 1986 near the Cisolok hot spring to a depth of 1200 meters and found the temperature at the bottom of the well of 120o C. Several similar studies have been carried out before, but the model conceptual studies from previous studies have not been able to accurately predict the location of the reservoir and heat source due to limited data so that the interpretation is not correct. In this research, the reconstruction of the conceptual geothermal model is carried out to solve the main problems in determining the existence of reservoirs and heat sources, based on the integration of geological, geochemical, gravity satellite GGMPlus, and magnetotelluric data. Based on the interpretation of the reconstructed conceptual model, the reservoir in the Cisolok- Cisukarame geothermal system is predicted below the surface manifestation of Cisukarame which acts as the upflow zone and is expanding to the northeast. The temperature in the reservoir reaches 235o C with the heat source predicted to come from the residual heat of Mount Halimun with quarter age. The prospect area based on consideration of the resistivity distribution pattern and reservoir boundary is estimated to have an area of 15 km2 with a top of reservoir at a depth of 500 - 1000 meters. The location of the exploration well drilling point is recommended to be in the northeastern permeable zone of the Cisukarame manifestation reaching a depth of 1000 meters in a zone with high temperatures. It is estimated that the reservoir prospect area is still expanding to the north and northeast, but further geophysical surveys are needed to confirm the possibility of this possible extend."

"Penelitian dilakukan di Bittuang, Kabupaten Tana Toraja, Provinsi Sulawesi Selatan, sebagai salah satu wilayah prospek panas bumi dan menjadi salah satu target tahap awal kegiatan pengeboran yang dilakukan oleh Pemerintah untuk periode tahun 2020-2024. Penelitian menggunakan metode gravitasi satelit GGMplus yang memiliki spasi grid kurang lebih 200 meter dengan wilayah 14 Km x 18 Km. Salah satu aspek yang terdapat di panas bumi adalah struktur pengontrol manifestasi sebagai jalur migrasi fluida dari bawah permukaan. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan identifikasi struktur yang ada di wilayah panas bumi Bittuang, selain itu juga untuk mengkonfirmasi struktur geologi permukaan yang terdapat pada peta geologi panas bumi Bittuang. Metode gravitasi dapat mengidentifikasi patahan berdasarkan parameter kontras anomali gravitasi yang diindikasikan sebagai kontras densitas bawah permukaan. Dalam menentukan keberadaan patahan dan mengetahui karakteristiknya seperti jenis patahan, arah dip, dan besar dip dari patahan, data gravitasi diolah menggunakan metode Multi Scale-Second Vertical Derivative (MS-SVD). Untuk memperkuat interpretasi, hasil dari MS-SVD dicocokkan dengan data hasil dari metode First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) dan data geologi struktur daerah penelitian. Dari proses tersebut, terdapat 27 patahan yang ada di wilayah panas bumi Bittuang dimana 2 diantaranya diindikasikan sebagai patahan pengontrol manifestasi kelompok Balla dan kelompok Cepeng. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat membantu pemerintah dalam menyediakan informasi patahan yang ada di wilayah panas bumi Bittuang. Sedangkan karakteristik dari struktur pengontrol manifestasi panas bumi dapat menjadi pertimbangan nantinya dalam menentukan lokasi dan kedalaman pemboran yang akan dilakukan.

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The research was conducted in Bittuang, Tana Toraja Regency, South Sulawesi Province, as one of the geothermal prospect areas and became one of the targets for the initial stage of drilling activities carried out by the Government for the 2020-2024 period. The research uses the GGMplus satellite gravity method which has a grid space of approximately 200 meters with an area of ​​14 km x 18 km. One of the aspects contained in geothermal is the manifestation control structure as a fluid migration pathway from below the surface. Therefore, identification of existing structures in the Bittuang geothermal area was carried out, in addition to confirming the surface geological structure contained in the Bittuang geothermal geological map. The gravity method can identify faults based on the gravity anomaly contrast parameter which is indicated as subsurface density contrast. In determining the presence of a fault and knowing its characteristics such as the type of fault, the direction of the dip, and the magnitude of the dip of the fault, the gravity data was processed using the Multi Scale-Second Vertical Derivative (MS-SVD) method. To strengthen the interpretation, the results from the MS-SVD were matched with the data from the First Horizontal Derivative (FHD) method and the geological data of the structure of the study area. From this process, there are 27 faults in the Bittuang geothermal area where 2 of them are indicated as controlling faults for the manifestation of the Balla group and the Cepeng group. This research is expected to assist the government in providing fault information in the Bittuang geothermal area. While the characteristics of the structure controlling geothermal manifestations can be considered later in determining the location and depth of drilling to be carried out."