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"Radiografi umum merupakan pelayanan diagnostik yang menggunakan paparan sinar-X, terutama untuk mendeteksi patah tulang, tumor, dan masalah organ internal tubuh. Paparan sinar-X dapat menciptakan citra, memerlukan perlindungan agar area penggunaan radiasi tetap amanbagi pekerja radiasi dan lingkungan. Timbal menjadi pilihan utama saat ini dalam pemilihan material untuk perisai radiasi karena dapat menyerap paparan radiasi sinar-X dengan efektif tetapi kurang efektif dari segi biaya produksi.  Berbeda dengan timbal, beton tidak memiliki kemampuan yang sama dalam menyerap radiasi secara efektif. Namun, produksinya relatif mudah dan biaya produksinya lebih rendah. Salah satu massalah utama terkait dengan penggunaan beton adalah variasi massa jenisnya yang signifikan di berbagai lokasi yang akan diukur terlebih dahulu, disebabkan oleh perbedaan dalam pemilihan material dasarnya. Sehingga pada penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan bentuk kurva antara faktor transmisi dan ketebalan dinding dalam milimeter yang sesuai dengan material beton yang ada di Indonesia hingga membuat perangkat lunak berbasis website untuk mempermudah kalkulasi ketebalan beton yang dibutuhkan. Penelitian ini menggunakan pesawat sinar-X sebagai pemancar radiasi dan beton lokal sebagai perisai radiasi, dilakukan dengan dua percobaan yakni percobaan perisai primer dan percobaan perisai sekunder. Setelah mendapatkan data hasil pengukuran dilakukan pembuatan kurva antara transmisi radiasi dan ketebalan beton,telah didapatkan perbedaan yang cukup besar antara kurva beton lokal dan kurva pada NCRP 147 pada perisai primer maupun perisai sekunder.

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General radiography is a diagnostic service that uses X-ray exposure, primarily to detect fractures, tumors, and internal organ issues. X-ray exposure can create images, requiring protection to ensure the radiation usage area remains safe for radiation workers and the environment. Lead is currently the primary choice for radiation shield material because it can effectively absorb X-ray radiation exposure, though it is less cost-effective to produce. Unlike lead, concrete does not have the same capability to absorb radiation effectively. However, its production is relatively easy and cheaper. One major issue with using concrete is the significant variation in its density across different locations, which must be measured beforehand due to differences in basic material selection. Therefore, this research aims to determine the curve form between the transmission factor and wall thickness in millimeters corresponding to the concrete material available in Indonesia and to develop web-based software to facilitate the calculation of the required concrete thickness. This research uses an X-ray machine as the radiation emitter and local concrete as the radiation shield, conducted through two experiments: primary shield experiment and secondary shield experiment. After obtaining the measurement data, curves were created between radiation transmission and concrete thickness, showing a significant difference between the local concrete curve and the NCRP 147 curve for both primary and secondary shields."

"Tujuan: Membandingkan distribusi dosis respon akhir RE dan efek samping akut RE teknik konvensional dan teknik konformal pada kasus kanker serviks lokal lanjut Metode Dilakukan studi kohort retrospektif terhadap pasien kanker serviks II B dan III B yang mendapat RE pra brakiterapi di Dept Radioterapi RSCM. Hasil: Didapat 51 pasien menjalani RE teknik konvensional 25 dengan Cobalt 60 26 dengan Linac dan 29 pasien menjalani teknik konformal Sesuai ketentuan ICRU 50 dan 62 prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target teknik konvensional Cobalt lebih kecil p 0 001 dan 1 kasus dari 25 pasien mendapatkan PTV 95 Prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target teknik konvensional Linac lebih besar p 0 001 dibanding teknik konformal Rerata conformity index teknik konvensional sebesar 2 dan teknik konformal 1 02 p 0 001 Dosis dan volume pada buli rektosigmoid dan bowel teknik konvensional lebih besar p 0 001 Respon komplit akhir RE teknik konvensional adalah 42 dan teknik konformal adalah 58 p 0 001 Faktor independen respon akhir RE yaitu stadium FIGO dini dan ukuran tumor sebelum RE kecil le 4cm Pada semua kasus tidak didapatkan efek samping akut lokal yang berat RTOG grade 3 4 Proporsi efek samping ringan RTOG grade 1 2 pada gastrointestinal vesikourinaria dan kulit lebih banyak pada teknik konvensional secara berurutan 72 Vs 28 p 0 002 78 Vs 22 p 0 003 dan 78 Vs 22 p 0 01. Kesimpulan: RE teknik konformal lebih unggul dibanding teknik konvensional dalam distribusi prescribed dose dan cakupan volume target atau organ kritis yang berdampak pada respon tumor akhir RE dan efek samping.

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Purpose: To compare the dose distribution acute tumor response and acute side effects between conventional and conformal techniques EBRT in locally advanced uterine cervical cancerMethods and materials Retrospective cohort study was done in stage II B and III B uterine cervical cancer underwent EBRT before brachytherapy in Dept Radioterapi RSUPN Cipto Mangunkusumo.

Results: Fifety one patients underwent conventional technique EBRT and 29 patients of conformal technique EBRT The average of target prescribed dose and volume coverage of 2 techniques EBRTwas in accordance with criteria of ICRU 50 and 62 smaller p 0 001 only 1 case of Cobalt conventional technique EBRT showed PTV 95 Conformity index of conventional technique EBRT was 2 and conformal technique EBRT was 1 02 p 0 001 Dose and volume of vesicourinary rectosigmoid and distal large bowel of conventional technique EBRT was greater p 0 001 Complete response of conventional technique was 42 and conformal technique was 58 p 0 001 Independent factors were early FIGO stage and tumor size before EBRT le 4cm There were no severe acute side effects RTOG grade 3 4 in both groups Acute side effects RTOG grade 1 2 of conventional techniques was more than conformal gastrointestinal vesikourinaria and skin respectively 72 vs 28 p 0 002 78 vs 22 p 0 003 and 78 vs 22 p 0 01.

Conclusion: Conformal technique EBRT was superior to conventional technique EBRT in prescribed dose distribution target volume coverage and organ at risk dose that impact on acute tumor response and side effects "

"ABSTRAKSweet sorghum is a kind of sorghum that contains high content of sugar in its stem. Sweet sorghum has a big potential to be developed in Indonesia owing to its wide adaptation and the fact that it can be used as raw material for liquid sugar, syrup, ethanol, and also as animal feed. Sweet sorghum has not been developed in Indonesia because of lack of a sweet sorghum variety. Improvement of available sweet sorghum genotype can be done among others through plant breeding program. First step on the plant breeding program is to increase the plant genetic variability. This might be done by introduction of varieties or by breeding to create new varieties. Induced mutation using Gamma irradiation can be used to increase the genetic variability of sweet sorghum. Mutation breeding using Gamma irradiation in sweet sorghum was aimed at improving the yield and quality of sweet sorghum. This research was conducted to study the effect of Gamma irradiation on sweet sorghum growth in the M1 generation, and to estimate the optimal dose range suitably for the breeding program. Beside, the objective of this research was to evaluate the genetic variability for the purpose of plant selection in the M2 generation. Plant materials consisted of 2 sweet sorghum lines introduced from ICRISAT namely line No. 79 and No. 83. Non-saccharin sorghum of local variety Higari was used as a control. The doses of Gamma irradiation treatment were 0, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, and 1000 Gy. The M1 plants were sown in greenhouse at PATIR-BATAN Jakarta, and then were transplanted in the experimental field at Balitbiogen, Bogor. The M2 plants were grown in the experimental field at Lubang Buaya, Jakarta. Important agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike were observed. The results indicated that sorghum lines gave different response to Gamma irradiation, and all measured variables were significantly affected. Irradiation gave morphology and physiology damages on sorghum like abnormality, sterility, and lethality in the M1 generation. The increase of irradiation doses increased physiological damage. Effective doses of Gamma irradiation for sweet sorghum was to be around 400?500 Gy, and the lethal doses 50% of sweet sorghum was around 800?1000 Gy. Putative mutation sometimes could be observed in the M2 generation. The treatment of Gamma increased genetic variability of plant height, spike length, stem diameter, and grain weight/spike. The highest genetic variability was found in the dose treatment of 200?300 Gy. Within this interval dose, there might be high probability to find desirable mutants for further breeding purpose. A number of 38 plants had been selected from the M2 population as putative mutants.

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"Latar Belakang: Tingginya pertumbuhan kasus keganasan ginekologi dan organ panggul menyebabkan penggunaan terapi radiasi meningkat. Akan tetapi, terapi radiasi juga cukup banyak menimbulkan proktitis radiasi sebesar 30%. Tatalaksana menggunakan agen topikal seperti SCFA, sukralfat, steroid, formalin, dan 5-ASA diketahui memiliki hasil yang baik, namun belum banyak studi yang membandingkan terapi mana yang lebih superior. Tujuan: Menilai efektivitas beberapa terapi topikal terhadap perbaikan gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi pasien proktitis radiasi. Sumber Data: Pencarian utama dilakukan secara elektronik pada basis data PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, dan Science Direct antara September hingga November 2020. Pencarian sekunder dilakukan secara snowballing pada referensi studi yang terkait, dan melalui register uji klinis yang tersertifikasi lainnya seperti Global Index Medicus, Garba Rujukan Digital (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, dan International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) WHO. Seleksi Studi: Studi uji klinis acak terkontrol dengan intervensi terapi topikal dibandingkan plasebo atau terapi topikal lainnya atau kombinasi terapi medikamentosa, yang menilai luaran berupa respon gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi, serta dapat disertai luaran lain, ataupun tidak. Tidak ada batasan terhadap tahun publikasi dan bahasa. Penilaian judul, abstrak, dan studi dilakukan oleh dua orang peninjau independen. Dari total 1786 studi, didapatkan 9 studi memenuhi kriteria eligibilitas.Ekstraksi Data: Ekstraksi data dilakukan oleh dua peninjau independen dan dikonfirmasi pada peninjau ketiga. Konfirmasi data dilakukan dengan menghubungi peneliti dari studi terkait. Tidak didapatkan data tambahan. Hasil: Studi yang melaporkan efektivitas terapi berupa banyaknya jumlah subjek yang mengalami perbaikan atau penurunan skor klinis dan endoskopi dirangkum secara kualitatif. Masing-masing studi saling membahas antar terapi, dan memiliki heterogenitas yang tinggi. Dua studi mengenai formalin dapat dilakukan meta-analisis dengan hasil perbaikan klinis dan endoskopi, namun tidak bermakna terhadap dua studi tersebut (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15) dan tidak terdapat terapi yang lebih superior dibanding terapi lain dalam meta-analisis tersebut. Empat studi yang membahas formalin 4% memiliki kualitas hasil studi menengah dengan risiko bias rendah. Terdapat 3 dari 9 studi yang membandingkan terapi SCFA dengan plasebo sehingga sulit untuk menyimpulkan terapi mana yang berefek lebih baik, dan memiliki risiko bias tidak jelas, namun dengan jumlah pasien yang sedikitsehingga kualitas studi rendah. Satu studi mengenai efektivitas sukralfat menunjukkan hasil bermakna dengan estimasi risiko rendah (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). Akan tetapi studi mengenai 5-ASA topikal tidak ditemukan dalam inklusi telaah sistematis ini. Secara umum, kualitas hasil studi berdasarkan GRADE dapat dimasukkan ke dalam kategori sedang.Kesimpulan: Penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema efektif dalam memperbaiki gejala klinis dan gambaran endoskopi proktitis radiasi. Namun, hingga saat ini belum ada studi klinis berkualitas baik sehingga sulit untuk menilai terapi yang terbaik. Sedangkan dari 2 studi formalin 4% yang dapat dilakukan meta-analisis, menunjukkan bahwa tidak ada terapi yang lebih superior dibandingkan lainnya. Selain itu, tidak ditemukan tidak ditemukan efek samping berat pada penggunaan terapi SCFA enema, formalin topikal, steroid topikal, dan sukralfat enema dalam mengobati proktitis radiasi.

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Background: The high incidence of gynecological and pelvic malignancies has led to the usage of radiation therapy. Nonetheless, radiation therapy also causes a significant complication, about 30% of radiation proctitis. Treatments using topical agents such as SCFA, sucralfate, steroids, formalin, and 5-ASA are known to have good results. However, there are only a few studies comparing the superiority of those therapies.

Objectives: To assess the effectiveness of topical therapies in the clinical and endoscopic improvement of radiation proctitis patients.

Data Sources: Primary searching was conducted on electronic databases such as PubMed, Cochrane/CENTRAL, Scopus, and Science Direct between September and November 2020. Secondary searching was done by snowballing method on the relevant study references and through other certified clinical trial registries (Global Index Medicus, Garba Digital Reference (GARUDA), ClinicalTrial.gov, and WHO's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP).

Study Selection: A randomized controlled trial comparing topical therapies versus placebo or other topical therapies or combination with medical therapies that evaluating the clinical response and endoscopic response. There is no restriction regarding the year of publication and language. Each study were assessed by two independent reviewers. From a total of 1,786 studies identified, 9 studies met the eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction: Data extraction was performed by two independent reviewers and confirmed by a third reviewer. Data confirmation was made by contacting the first researchers from related studies. No additional information was obtained.

Results: Studies reporting the effectiveness of therapy in the form of a large number of subjects experiencing improvement or reduction in clinical symptoms and endoscopy were summarized qualitatively. Each study discussed the therapies and the heterogeneity that could not be calculated due to the different outcomes. Two studies on formalin were subject to meta-analysis with clinical and endoscopy improvement. However, they were not significant in the two studies (RR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.82-1.15), and no better treatment compared with others in those studies. Further, four studies discussing 4% formalin had medium study quality results with a low risk of bias. There are 3 out of 9 studies that compared SCFA therapy with placebo so it is difficult to conclude which therapy has a better effect, and has an unclear risk of bias, but with a small number of patients so that the quality of the study is low. One study using sucralfate showed significant results with a low-risk estimate (RR 0.57, 95% CI: 0.35-0.92, P = 0.02). However, the study of topical 5-ASA was not found in the inclusion of this systematic review. The level of evidence for the majority of outcomes was downgraded using GRADE to a moderate level, due to imprecision and study limitation.

Conclusion: The usage of SCFA enema, topical formalin, topical steroid and sucralfate enema are effective in improving the clinical and endoscopic response in radiation proctitis patient. However, until now, there are no good quality studies, making it difficult to prove the best therapy. A meta-analysis from 2 studies using 4% formalin versus irrigation and antibiotics, shows no therapy is superior to another. Otherwise, no serious side effects were found in the usage of these topical therapies"

"The characterization of shield panel of X-ray radiation was carried out. Aim of the characterization is to find the panel in that qualities comply with the reference, so the panel can be used for the folding door of nuclear medical...."