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"Beginning with the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978 in US, followed by the European Union in 1997, airlines have been constructing route networks of their own choosing rather than operating ones implicitly chosen for them by civil aviation authority. These changes have had profound effects on many aspects of airline operation, particularly fares, service, quality, and safety. But, most importantly, airlines have altered their route structures by developing hub-and-spoke networks, and this has affected all of these aspects. This structure is likely to flourish around the world as a consequence of airline liberalization and the growing trend toward privatization of this industry.In a hub-and-spoke network, centrally located service facilities serve as the hubs. Flows from a set of outlying nonhub nodes arrive at hubs and, after regrouping, all leave the hub facilities bound either to other hubs or to their ultimate destinations. Thus, the flows from the same origin with different destinations are consolidated on the route to a hub facility and the flows with different origins but the same destination on the route out of a hub facility. The centralization and broader scope of operations let the system take advantage of economies of scale.This paper proposes a framework to optimize the flight network using hub-and-spoke system. This problem consists of the determination of hub number, hub location and route assignment in order to minimize the overall transportation cost. The model is solved using genetic algorithm approach. Two networking strategies are considered:1. Strict hubbing, in which a spoke is assigned to exactly one hub and all flows to/from spoke are channeled trough the same hub and 2. Nonstrict hubbing, in which a spoke can be assigned to more than one hub under certain condition. Different values of airport fixed costs are also implemented. Variations of these strategies are evaluated along with various parameters of air transport production using data on air passenger flows between top 30 Indonesian airports in 2000.The result shows that the adoption of hub-and-spoke network increase the overall system performance with increasing load factor, frequency, coverage area, revenue passenger kilometer, available seat kilometer and more efficient utilization of aircraft. Moreover, Nonstrict hubbing strategy offers smaller total system cost, more routes and more nonstop flights."

"Aktivitas logistik merupakan salah satu bagian dari rantai pasok supply chain yang sedang menjadi perhatian dibanyak negara, salah satunya Indonesia. Di Indonesia biaya logistik masih terhitung tinggi, dikarenakan adanya ketidakseimbangan aliran distribusi barang di Indonesia bagian Barat dengan bagian Timur. Saat ini pemerintah Indonesia sedang dalam proses untuk mempersiapkan pembangunan pelabuhan peti kemas strategis untuk menyeimbangkan permasalahan anatara Indonesia Timur dengan Indonesia Barat. Dilihat dari konsep perencanaan tersebut maka dalam penelitian tersebut akan mencari alternatif model matematika untuk mencari rute yang optimal dengan fungsi tujuan meminimumkan biaya. Dari model matematika tersebut didapatkan rute yang menghubungkan dari Indonesia bagian barat dengan Indonesia bagian timur.

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Logistic is a part of supply chain that is being addressed in many countries, including Indonesia. The costly logistic of Indonesia is caused by imbalance trading between western and eastern regions in Indonesia. Challenging conditions come to the stakeholders particularly in the logistics sector. In this regard, the Government also plans to develop strategic container terminal ports. Concept of the planning in this research would also search for alternative a mathematics model to minimize logistics cost. From the model mathematics were obtained the route join the west Indonesia with eastern Indonesia."

"Tol Laut adalah program pemerintah yang bertujuan menjadikan Indonesia sebagai poros maritim dunia, dengan cara meningkatkan kapasitas ekonomi nasional dan menurunkan disparitas ekonomi antar daerah. Mulai 2021 pembuatan jaringan berdasarkan hub and spoke mulai dilakukan oleh pemerintah dengan tujuan mengurangi biaya total dengan memanfaatkan economies of scale. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membuat design jaringan yang optimal dalam segi total biaya pengiriman dengan memanfaatkan genetika algoritma, pada penilitian ini terdapat dua kasus yang dinyatakan dalam bentuk model hub and spoke yaitu model tipe single allocation model dan model dengan hub tier satu dan hub tier dua. Pada kedua model tersebut dilakukan perhitungan dimana dipertimbangkan faktor diskon dengan yang tidak, kemudian perbandingan hasil biaya pelayaran dari kedua kasus tersebut dilakukan. Hasil penelitian ini memberikan desain jaringan dengan biaya pengiriman terminimum pada kedua kasus.

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The Sea Highway is a government program that aims to make Indonesia the world's maritime axis, by increasing national economic capacity and reducing economic disparities between regions. Starting in 2021, the government will start making networks based on hub and spokes with the aim of reducing total costs by taking advantage of economies of scale. This research was conducted to create an optimal network design in terms of total shipping costs by utilizing genetic algorithms, in this study there are two cases expressed in the form of a hub and spoke model, namely the single allocation model and the model with tier one hub and tier two hub. In both models, a calculation is carried out with and without the discount factor, then the results of the shipping costs from the two cases are compared. The results of this study provide a network design with the minimum shipping cost for both cases."

"Tindakan pencegahan Covid 19 telah berdampak besar di banyak industri karena arus pelanggan yang tertekan yang biasanya mendukung bisnis. Covid-19 juga berdampak serius pada ekonomi global dan rantai pasokan global, termasuk pengiriman global. Letak geografis Indonesia yang diapit oleh dua samudera dan dua benua menjadikan wilayah laut Indonesia sebagai salah satu rute utama perdagangan dunia. Kondisi strategis Indonesia tidak diimbangi oleh rendahnya efisiensi logistik Indonesia. Makalah ini menghasilkan rekomendasi tentang rute logistik maritim Indonesia dan meningkatkannya untuk lebih mengeluarkan total biaya yang optimal. Perbaikan tersebut dicapai dengan menggunakan kombinasi rute yang belum dipertimbangkan dari penelitian sebelumnya. Masalahnya dimodelkan sebagai program bilangan bulat campuran dan Gurobi Optimization digunakan untuk menghasilkan solusi.

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Covid 19 precautions have had a major impact in many industries due to the depressed flow of customers who usually support businesses. Covid-19 also seriously impacts the global economy and global supply chains, including global shipping. Indonesia's geographical location flanked by two oceans and two continents makes Indonesia's sea area one of the main routes of world trade. Indonesia's strategic conditions are not offset by Indonesia's low logistics efficiency. This paper produces recommendations on Indonesia's maritime logistics routes and improves them to further incur optimal total costs. Such improvements are achieved using a combination of routes that have not been considered from previsious research. The problem is modeled as a mixed-integer program and Gurobi Optimization is used to generate the solution."

"Rekonfigurasi jaringan distribusi dan instalasi distributed generation DG dengan tujuan mengurangi rugi-rugi daya aktif saluran dan memperbaiki profil tegangan sistem IEEE 33 bus telah disimulasikan pada skripsi ini. Rekonfigurasi jaringan diselesaikan dengan algoritma Binary Particle Swarm Optimization pada MATLAB dan penentuan lokasi dan kapasitas DG diselesaikan dengan analisis aliran daya pada ETAP. Rugi-rugi daya aktif setelah rekonfigurasi berkurang sebesar 33,357 dari sebelumnya 208,4 kW menjadi 138,9 kW dan tegangan minimum sistem meningkat dari 0,9107 pu menjadi 0,9423 pu. Penginstalasian DG pada lokasi yang tepat dan besar kapasitas yang tepat dapat mengurangi rugi-rugi daya aktif saluran dan memperbaiki tegangan sistem.Berdasarkan hasil simulasi, lokasi terbaik pemasangan satu DG adalah pada bus 30 dengan kapasitas DG sebesar 1250 kW. Lokasi terbaik pemasangan dua DG adalah pada bus 30 dengan kapasitas DG sebesar 1250 kW dan pada bus 8 dengan kapasitas DG sebesar 900 kW. Lokasi terbaik pemasangan tiga DG adalah pada bus 30 dengan kapasitas DG sebesar 1250 kW, bus 8 dengan kapasitas DG sebesar 900 kW, dan bus 24 dengan kapasitas sebesar 950 kW. Setelah sistem direkonfigurasi dan diinstalasi tiga DG diperoleh rugi-rugi daya aktif terendah yaitu 20,7 kW dan tegangan minimum terbaik yaitu 0,9820 pu.

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Distribution network reconfiguration and distributed generation DG installation for reducing power losses and improving voltage profile on IEEE 33 bus system have been simulated in this thesis. Network reconfiguration simulated using Binary Particle Swarm Optimization algoritm in MATLAB and placement and sizing DG simulated using power flow analysis in ETAP. After reconfiguration, power losses decreased by 33,357 from 208,4 kW to 138,9 kW and minimum system voltage increased from 0,9107 pu to 0,9423 pu. DG installation at the right place and right capacity can reduce power losses and improve system voltage.

Based on simulation, the best location for installing one DG is at bus 30 with capacity of 1250 kW. The best location for installing two DG is at bus 30 with capacity of 1250 kW and at bus 8 with capacity of 900 kW. The best location for installing three DG is at bus 30 with capacity of 1250 kW, at bus 8 with capacity of 900 kW, and at bus 24 with capacity of 950 kW. After configuring the system and installing DG with number of DG is three at the system, the lowest power losses obtained is 20.7 kW and the best minimum voltage obtained is 0.9820 pu."

"Infrastuktur transportasi dan mobilisasi di Jakarta sedang melalui masa transisi. Fenomena tersebut muncul sebagai respon atas buruknya kualitas lingkungan sebagai hasil dari pengembangan kota berbasis kendaraan pribadi. Pembangunan infrastruktur transportasi publik seperti MRT, LRT, KRL, dan BRT menjadi batu-batu loncatan perubahan yang ada. Untuk mendukung transformasi tersebut, dibutuhkan perancangan Kawasan Berorientasi Transit secara holistik sebagai wujud integrasi moda-moda transportasi yang ada. Harmoni Transit Hub merupakan sebuah proposal desain proyek percontohan berupa transit hub/titik transit yang mengitegrasikan moda MRT dan BRT ke dalam sebuah KBT yang mengedepankan prinsip keberlanjutan. Realisasi proyek kunci ini akan menjadi pemicu pengembangan bangunan-bangunan pendukung lainya dalam KBT Harmoni di masa depan.

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Public transportation infrastructures in Jakarta are undergoing a transformation. This occurence is a response to the poor environmental quality caused by car-oriented city planning. The construction of public transportation infrastructures such as MRT, LRT, KRL, and BRT serves as important milestones for the existing changes. Transit Oriented Development (TOD) is a holistic approach required to integrate the different kinds of transportation modes. Harmoni Transit Hub is a key project proposal which integrates MRT and BRT within a TOD area that prioritizes sustainability principles. The realization of this key project will serve as a catalyst for the development of other supporting structures within the future Harmoni TOD area."

"Lapangan Penobscot terletak di atas Cekungan Scotia yang merupakan cekungan prospek hidrokarbon di lepas pantai Canada bagian tenggara. Data yang digunakan tugas akhir ini adalah data seismik 3D Post Stack dan 2 data sumur. Target ditentukan pada zona batuan karbonat yang diduga menjadi reservoar hidrokarbon. Perlu dilakukan integrasi data sumur dan data seismik karena sangat berguna untuk mendapatkan interpretasi yang baik dalam proses eksplorasi hidrokarbon. Kedua data tersebut diintegrasi menggunakan metode inversi model based dan metode seismik multiatribut. Metode inversi model based dilakukan untuk memprediksi informasi sifat fisis bumi berdasarkan informasi rekaman seismik yang dikontrol oleh data sumur. Sedangkan metode seismik multiatribut adalah metode yang menggunakan lebih dari satu atribut untuk memprediksi beberapa sifat fisik dari bumi. Prediksi yang dilakukan adalah persebaran porositas dari volume seismik termasuk porositas pada sumur B-41, Penobscot Canada - Nova Scotia yang diduga terdapat kemenerusan reservoar yang terakumulasi hidrokarbon. Untuk meningkatkan korelasi antara actual log dan predict log dilakukanlah metode Probabilistic Neural Network. Dari hasil prediksi diketahui porositas sumur Penobscot B-41 pada zona target reservoar carbonat (baccaro member 1 - 2) adalah dalam range 2,4 - 4,2 %.Penobscot field located at the top of Scotia Basin. This is prospect for offshore hydrocarbon basin in south-eastern Canada. This study uses 3D Post Stack data and 2 wells. Targets specified in the zone of carbonate rocks that are thought to be hydrocarbon reservoir. It is necessary doing the integration of well data and seismic data because it is very useful to get a good interpretation in hydrocarbon exploration process. Both of that data will be integrated using a model based inversion method and the seismic multi-attributes method. Model based inversion method performed to predict the physical properties of the earth based on information of seismic record with well data control. While seismic multi-attribute is a method which uses more than one attribute to predict some physical properties of earth. The prediction, which is done, is spread of porosity of the seismic volume, including the porosity at well B-41 on Penobscot Canada-Nova Scotia which is suspected such continuity of reservoir accumulated hydrocarbon. While to improve the correlation between actual and predict log would be performed using Probabilistic Neural Network. Prediction result show that porosity of well Penobscot B-41 on target zone of reservoir carbonate (baccaro member 1 - 2) is the within range 2,4 - 4,2 %."