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"Plant quality improvement, as a source of oil, was one of the objective of oil palm plant breeding program, such as genetic engineering. Palmitoyl-ACP thioesterase (PAT) gene was an enzyme code, which influenced the synthesis of palmitic acid, where its existence was unexpected in crude palm oil (CPO), due to its negative impact on human health. The first step in genetic engineering was isolating the gene which related to the plant's negative trait. The gene silencing phase was expected to avoid the expression of gene PAT, to reduce the proportion of palmitic acid as well as increasing the content of oleic acid, which was expected to present in CPO.The aim of the research was to identify nucleoride sequence of the PAT gene of the oil palm. The procedure of the research included, extraction the DNA from leaves, gene isolation through specific primer design and amplification, cloning the PAT gene including ligation and transformation, a series of confirmation and verification, and PAT gene sequencing.The result showed that 2 fragments of DN A had been isolated by using 2 different pair of primers, they was PAT I and PAT II fragment. PAT I gene fragment was amplified by using PAT II and PAT TF primers. Recombinant plasmid carrying PAT I gene fragment had been produced through cloning, ligation and transformation inside the strain of DH5a Escherichia coli. The targeted fragment inside the plasmid then was sequence and producing 1,063 bp fragment. 750 bp length PAT II gene, was amplified by PAT U and PAT UR primer."

"Malaria menjadi masalah kesehatan global utama karena banyaknya kejadian resistensi obat, sedangkan ketersediaan obat yang efektif juga terbatas, sehingga mendasari pentingnya pengembangan obat antimalaria yang baru. Berbagai penelitian perancangan obat yang mentarget berbagai enzim terus dilakukan, terutama enzim Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (PfENR). Penapisan virtual sebagai salah satu metode pendekatan in silico telah digunakan pada pencarian senyawa penuntun dari basis data senyawa ataupun dari basis data bahan alam sebagai inhibitor PfENR. Pada penelitian ini dilakukan penapisan virtual basis data senyawa tanaman obat di Indonesia pada PfENR. Penapisan dilakukan dengan menggunakan piranti lunak AutoDock dan AutoDock Vina. Pada AutoDock Vina dilakukan validasi terlebih dahulu sedangkan pada AutoDock tidak dilakukan karena telah divalidasi oleh peneliti sebelumnya. Hasil validasi AutoDock Vina diperoleh grid box terbaik yaitu 80x80x80. Berdasarkan hasil penapisan diperoleh 10 peringkat senyawa terbaik dari tiap metode dan 5 senyawa irisan dari kedua metode yaitu jacoumaric acid, beta sitosterol glucoside (lyoniside), limacine, leucadenone B, dan yuehchukene.

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Malaria is a major global public health problem. The alarming spread of its drug resistance and limited number of effective drugs available underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial drug. Various researches have been done to design drug targeting Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase (PfENR) enzymes. Virtual screening as in silico approach has been used to find lead molecules from compound library or natural database as PfENR inhibitors. In this research, virtual screening of Indonesian herbal database was done to PfENR. Virtual screening was done using AutoDock and AutoDock Vina. AutoDock Vina was validated beforehand in order to obtain the best grid box while the virtual screening using AutoDock is not validated because it has been validated by previous researchers. Based on this research, the best grid box for AutoDock Vina is 80x80x80. Top ten ranked compounds were obtained for each method and five the same compound of the two methods that was jacoumaric acid, beta sitosterol glucoside (lyoniside), limacine, leucadenone B, and yuehchukene."

"Sejalan dengan semakin tingginya resistensi terhadap obat antimalaria dalam klinis, terdapat kebutuhan dilakukan pencarian senyawa-senyawa kimia yang berpotensi. Metode komputasi digunakan untuk membantu pencarian karena memiliki keunggulan seperti tidak banyak mengeluarkan biaya dan dapat dipercaya memprediksi afinitas ikatan ligan dengan target obat (protein). Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mendapatkan senyawa analog triklosan dan senyawa herbal Indonesia yang berpotensi sebagai antimalaria. Analog triklosan dan beberapa senyawa basis data herbal Indonesia dihitung afinitas ikatannya dengan metode Molecular Mechanics Poisson-Blotzmann Surface Area (MM-PBSA) pada Plasmudium falciparum Enoyl Reductase(PfENR), dengan tiga titik variabel suhu 27oC, 37oC, dan 39oC. Didapatkan nilai energi bebas Gibbs (ΔG) pada analog triklosan enansiomer 1b -18,5009 kkal/mol suhu 37oC dan pada senyawa herbal spinasterol -31,3435 kkal/mol suhu 37oC dan limasin -24,9885 kkal/mol suhu 37oC. Dengan nilai energi bebas Gibbs tersebut menunjukkan bahwa senyawa tersebut memiliki potensi sebagai antimalaria.

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Keeping pace with emerging drug resistance in clinically important pathogens will be greatly aided by inexpensive yet reliable computational methods that predict the ligands binding affinities for drug targets. the aim of this study to obtain potention antimalaria from analogues triclosan compound and Indonesia herbal compound. Analogues triclosan and several compound from Indonesia herbal database form Indonesia be calculated with molecular mechanics Poisson-Boltzmann surface area (MM-PBSA) for the Plasmodium falciparum Enoyl Reductase (PfENR), at three point variable of temperature 27oC, 37oC, and 39oC. Obtained Gibbs free energy (ΔG) for analogues triclosan enansiomer 1b -18,5009 kkal/mol 37oC and for herbal compound spinasterole -31,3435 kkal/mol 37oC dan limacine -24,9885 kkal/mol 37oC. With that Gibbs free enrgy enansiomer 1a, spinasterole, and limacine shows that compound have potention as antimalaria."

"ABSTRAKMalaria menjadi masalah kesehatan global utama dengan angka kejadian kemoresistensi yang tinggi, sedangkan ketersediaan obat yang efektif terbatas. Hal tersebut mendasari pentingnya pengembangan obat antimalaria baru. Pendekatan berbasis struktur digunakan untuk merancang analog triklosan dengan target enzim Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR). Gugus fenol disubstitusi dengan gugus metoksi, serta gugus Cl di posisi 2? cincin B dimodifikasi menjadi gugus 2,3-dihidroksi-propionamida. Penambahan dua gugus hidroksi pada cincin B menggunakan metode dihidroksilasi asimetrik Sharpless dengan ligan kiral (DHQ)2PHAL dan (DHQD)2PHAL menghasilkan dua produk analog triklosan sebagai campuran enansiomer. Interaksi molekuler analog triklosan terhadap PfENR ditentukan dengan AutoDock. Campuran enansiomer yang dihasilkan dari ligan kiral (DHQ)2PHAL memiliki rotasi spesifik (+) 0,0833, sedangkan campuran enansiomer yang dihasilkan dari ligan kiral (DHQD)2PHAL memiliki rotasi spesifik (-) 0,0678. Nilai IC50 kedua analog triklosan ditentukan terhadap galur sensitif klorokuin, 3D7. Jumlah parasit dihitung secara mikrokopis melalui apusan darah tipis yang diwarnai Giemsa. Nilai IC50 ditentukan dengan membandingkan parasitemia senyawa uji dengan kontrol yang dianggap memiliki pertumbuhan 100%. Aktivitas antimalaria campuran enansiomer yang dihasilkan dengan (DHQ)2PHAL dan dengan (DHQD)2PHAL memperlihatkan aktivitas yang lebih poten dibandingkan triklosan (IC50 2,72 x 10-2 M), dengan IC50 berturut-turut 3,38 x 10-5 M dan 2,82 x 10-5 M.

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ABSTRACTMalaria is a major global public health problem that alarming spread of drug resistance and limited number of effective drugs. That reason underline how important it is to discover new antimalarial drug. A structure-based approach has been taken to develop substituted analogs of triclosan that target the key malarial enzyme Plasmodium falciparum enoyl acyl carrier protein reductase (PfENR). The phenol moiety was chemically substituted with methoxy group, and Cl group at posistion 2? in ring B also modified with 2,3-dihydroxy-propionamide group. Sharpless asymmetric dihydroxylation with chiral ligand (DHQ)2PHAL and (DHQD)2PHAL is used to introduce two hydroxyl groups into the ring B to give two analogs of triclosan as enantiomer mixture. The binding energies of two analogs for PfENR were determined using Autodock. The enantiomer mixture generated by chiral ligand (DHQ)2PHAL showed specific rotation of (+) 0,0833, while enantiomer mixture resulted from chiral ligand (DHQD)2PHAL have (-) 0,0678 of specific rotation. The IC50 of two analogs of triclosan were determined against Plasmodium falciparum chloroquin-sensitive strain, 3D7. The number of parasites on thin Giemsa stained smears was calculated microscopically. IC50 determined by comparing paracitemia parasite growth in the presence of compound with that of control without compound. The analog compounds, enantiomer mixture resulted by either (DHQ)2PHAL or (DHQD)2PHAL showed a higher antimalarial activity than triclosan (IC50 2,72 x 10-2 M), with IC50 3,38 x 10-5 M and 2,82 x 10-5 M, respectively."

"Tuberkulosis (TB) merupakan penyakit yang disebabkan oleh infeksi Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TB menular melalui udara dengan paru-paru sebagai target organ utama. Enzim beta-ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) synthase (KasA) berperan dalam biosintesis mycolic acid yang merupakan komponen pertahanan MTB. Thiolactomycin dipilih sebagai ligan inhibitor MTB. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menentukan struktur ligan hasil Fragment Based-Design yang memiliki potensi sebagai inhibitor enzim KasA pada MTB, memaparkan interaksi antara enzim KasA dengan ligan hasil modifikasi, dan menjelaskan proses farmakokinetika yang meliputi proses Absorpsi, Distribusi, Metabolisme, dan Ekskresi (ADME) maupun toksisitas pada ligan hasil modifikasi. Enzim didapatkan dari situs Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB) dan ligan thiolactomycin dari situs PubChem. Penapisan sifat druglikeness terhadap ligan dilakukan melalui perangkat lunak OSIRIS DataWarrior. Perangkat lunak Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2014.09 digunakan untuk penapisan senyawa, penambatan molekul, dan modifikasi scaffold replacement terhadap thiolactomycin. Penambatan molekul dilakukan dengan metode penapisan virtual, rigid docking, dan induced-fit docking. Analisis terhada sifat ADMET dilakukan pada perangkat lunak OSIRIS DataWarrior dan Toxtree maupun situs pkCSM. Penelitian ini membuktikan bahwa senyawa hasil fragment-based design mampu menginhibisi enzim KasA didasarkan pada lima ligan terbaik dengan nilai RMSD, perubahan energi bebas Gibbs, dan pKi. Interaksi antara enzim KasA dengan ligan hasil fragment-based design terjadi pada asam amino Met213 dan Arg214. Selain itu, didapatkan senyawa 3063 dan 953 dengan sifat farmakologi terbaik.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by infection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). TB spreads via air transmission with lung as its primary target. beta-ketoacyl-Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP) synthase (KasA) enzyme acts in mycolic acid biosynthesis, which has a significant role in MTB virulence. Thiolactomycin was chosen as MTB ligand inhibitor. This research aims to define fragment-based design ligand structure that has a potential as KasA enzyme in MTB, define the interaction between KasA enzyme and modified enzyme, and describe pharmacokinetics process including Adsorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion as well as toxicity of the modified ligand. KasA enzyme was obtained from Research Collaboratory for Structural Bioinformatics Protein Data Bank (RCSB PDB) and thiolactomycin ligand was downloaded from PubChem. Screening of ligand druglikeness was done using OSIRIS DataWarrior. Molecular Operating Environment (MOE) 2014.09 software was operated to screen, dock, and run scaffold replacement towards thiolactomycin. Molecular docking methods used were virtual screening, rigid docking, and induced-fit docking. ADMET analysis was done using OSIRIS DataWarrior and Toxtree software as well as pkCSM site. This research has proven that fragment-based design compounds were able to inhibit KasA enzyme based on the RMSD value, change of Gibbs free energy binding, and pKi of five best ligands. Interaction between KasA enzyme and fragment-based design ligand occurred in Met213 and Arg214 amino acids. Meanwhile, compound 3063 and 953 were considered as best pharmacological compounds."

"Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit (TKKS) merupakan limbah hasil pengolahan kelapa sawit yang mengandung lignoselulosa yang terdiri dari 55,75% selulosa, 28,93% hemiselulosa dan 15,32% lignin. Secara kimawi, selulosa terikat dengan hemiselulosa dan lignin sehingga diperlukan delignifikasi untuk memisahkan selulosa dari komponen lignoselulosa lainnya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan α-selulosa dari TKKS melalui proses delignifikasi dengan DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent), mendapatkan informasi mengenai pengaruh pretreatment asam oksalat dan natrium hidroksida, penambahan air, dan penggunaan Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE) pada proses delignifikasi. Pelarut DES pada penelitian ini menggunakan Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA), yaitu; kolin klorida (ChCl) dan Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD), yaitu asam laktat, urea, gliserol, dan asam oksalat yang dikombinasikan pada rasio molar HBA dan HBD 1:1, 1:2, dan 1:3. Analisis kuantitatif dilakukan dengan metode Wet Chemistry dan Chesson-Data. Identifikasi α-selulosa dilakukan dengan pengamatan organoleptis, analisis Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kadar α-selulosa tertinggi, yaitu 89,16% diperoleh dari delignifikasi menggunakan ChCl:asam laktat (1:1) dengan penambahan air 15%. Waktu optimal pada penggunaan UAE adalah 30 menit dengan kadar α-selulosa 92,96%. α-selulosa yang dihasilkan berwarna kuning pucat dengan karakteristik yang mirip dengan standar sehingga TKKS berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut sebagai eksipien sediaan farmasi.

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Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) is a waste generated from palm oil processing that contains lignocellulosic biomass, which consists of 55.75% cellulose, 28.93% hemicellulose and 15.32% lignin. Chemically, cellulose is bound to hemicellulose and lignin so that delignification is needed to separate cellulose from other lignocellulosic components. This study aims to obtain α-cellulose from OPEFB through the delignification process of DES (Deep Eutectic Solvent), to find out information about the effect of oxalic acid and sodium hydroxide pretreatment, the addition of water, and the use of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE). DES solvent in this study used Hydrogen Bond Acceptor (HBA) choline chloride and Hydrogen Bond Donor (HBD), namely lactic acid, urea, glycerol, and oxalic acid which would then be combined at 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 molar ratios. Quantitative analysis of α-cellulose content was carried out using Wet Chemistry and Chesson-Data methods. Identification of α-cellulose by organoleptic observation, Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. The results showed that the highest α-cellulose content, which was 89.16%, was obtained from delignification using ChCl:lactic acid (1:1) with 15% water. Furthermore, the optimal time for using UAE was 30 minutes with α-cellulose 92,96%. The resulting α-cellulose has yellow pale color. The identification results showed similar characteristics to the standard so that has the potential to be further developed as pharmaceutical excipients."

"ABSTRAKGalaktomanan adalah suatu polisakarida yang mengandung Dgalaktosa dan D-mannosa yang meru[>akan serat makanan (dietary fiber) yang mampu menurunkan kadar kolesterol. Umumnya terdapat pada endosperm didalam biji. Sumber galaktomanan berasal dari tumbuhan salah satunya dari famili Palmae. Tanaman kelapa sawit (Eiaeis guinensis jacquin) merupakan salah satu spesies famili Palmae. lsolasi galaktomanan dari daging inti sawit dilakukan berdasarkan cara yang dilakukan oleh Purawisastrsa,dkk (2004) yaitu dengan cara ekstraksi bertingkat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa optimalisasi isolasi galaktomanan diperoleh pada konsentrasi larutan pengekstrak 1 & 2 yaitu larutan NaOH 4 % (b/v) dan NaOH 17% (b/v) & nilai perbandingan volume etanol untuk pengendapan 2:1. lsolat galaktomanan diperoleh dari endapan yang dinetralkan dengan asam sitrat kemudian dikeringkan, dicuci dan dikeringkan kembali, kemudian isolate tersebut diukur pH, kadar residu dan komposisi polisakaridanya. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa isolat galaktomanan dari daging inti sawit berbentuk serbuk coklat, mempunyai nilai pH 7,30 pada konsentrasi 0,4% (b/v) dengan kadar residu natrium 0,018 %, dan mengandung Galaktosa 67,68 %; Mannosa 17,64 %; Fruktosa 9,03% dan 5,65% impurities."

"Telah dilakukan penelitian mengenai identifikasi protein alergen serbuk sari akasia (Acacia auriculiformis dan Acacia mangium) dan kelapa sawit (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). Tujuan penelitian adalah mengidentifikasi protein alergen serbuk sari tanaman Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, dan kelapa sawit. Ekstrak protein sampel serbuk sari menunjukkan hasil negatif pada uji dot blotting karena konsentrasi protein sampel rendah. Protein serbuk sari kelapa sawit dengan berat molekul (BM) 31 kDa diduga sebagai alergen utama karena bereaksi positif terhadap > 80% serum individu alergi maupun individu normal. Individu normal bereaksi positif terhadap protein tersebut diduga karena faktor atopi.

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The research was about identification of allergenic pollen protein from acacia (Acacia auriculiformis and Acacia mangium) and oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.). The aim of the research was to identify allergenic pollen protein from Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia mangium, and oil palm. Protein extract of pollen sample which was extracted by phenol extract method showed negative result in dot blotting assay because protein concentration of sample was low. Oil palm pollen protein with 31 kDa molecular weight was suspected as major allergen because it showed positive reaction to >80% of serum either allergy or normal individual. Normal individual which showed positive reaction to the protein was suspected cause of atopy."