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"This book collects interdisciplinary evidences and presents an answer from the perspective of computing, namely, the theory of cognitive prism. To recognize an environment, an intelligent system only needs to classify objects, structures them based on the connection relation (not through measuring), subjectively orders the objects, and compares with the target environment, whose knowledge is similarly structured. The intelligent system works, therefore, like a prism: when a beam of light (a scene) reaches (is perceived) to an optical prism (by an intelligent system), some light (objects) is reflected (are neglected), those passed through (the recognized objects) are distorted (are ordered differently). So comes the term 'cognitive prism'. "

"This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Theory and Applications of Models of Computation, TAMC 2012, held in Beijing, China, in May 2012. The conference was combined with the Turing Lectures 2012, dedicated to celebrating Alan Turing’s unique impact on mathematics, computing, computer science, informatics, morphogenesis, philosophy, and the wider scientific world. Eight Turing Lectures were given at the TAMC 2012. The 40 revised full papers presented together with invited talks were carefully reviewed and selected from 86 submissions. The papers address 4 special sessions at TAMC 2012 which were algorithms and information in networks, complexity and cryptography, models of computing and networking, programming and verification."

"Pengenalan ucapan atau disebut juga speech recognition adalah suatu pengembangan teknik dan sistem yang memungkinkan perangkat system untuk menerima masukan berupa kata yang diucapkan. Teknologi ini memungkinkan suatu perangkat untuk mengenali kata yang diucapkan dengan cara merubah kata tersebut menjadi sinyal digital dan mencocokkan dengan suatu pola tertentu yang tersimpan dalam suatu perangkat. Pola tertentu yang tersimpan pada suatu perangkat sebenarnya sampel kata yang diucapkan pengguna. Salah satu algoritma yang digunakan sebagai pemodelan dasar untuk pengenalan ucapan adalah Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). DTW digunakan sebagai algoritma untuk mencocokkan pola yang dimaksud dengan mengukur dua buah sekuensial pola dalam waktu yang berbeda[7]. Dalam penelitian ini akan dibahas mengenai perancangan IC pattern matching menggunakan algoritma DTW dan diimplementasikan pada sebuah Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). Algoritma DTW yang digunakan merupakan pengembangan dari algoritma standar yaitu FastDTW[13]. Perancangan difokuskan pada pembuatan layout Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon (CMOS) pada skala 0,18μm dengan metode semi custom. Layout ang terbentuk baik layout untuk IC DTW maupun layout - layout gerbang logika dasar penyusun IC tersebut, dapat dilihat behavior-nya. Dengan menggunakan Computer Aided Design (CAD) Electric behavior dapat diterjemahkan dalam bahasa hardware yang dikenal dengan Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHSIC HDL atau VHDL). Proses verifikasi dilakukan dengan membuat prototype perangkat keras menggunakan rangkaian ADC dan FPGA Spartan-IIELC yang telah diimplementasikan VHDL dari IC DTW.

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Speech recognition is also called a development of techniques and systems that enable the device system to receive input of the spoken word. This technology allowsa device to recognize words spoken in a way to change the word into a digital signal and the match with a particular pattern stored in a device. Certain patterns that are stored on a device is a spoken word sample of users. One algorithm used as a basis for modeling of speech recognition is the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW). DTW is used as an algorithm to match the pattern in question by measuring two sequential patterns in different time [7].

In this research will be discussed regarding the design of the IC pattern matching using DTW algorithm and implemented on a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA). DTW algorithm used is the development of a standard algorithm that is FastDTW [13]. The design focused on making the layout of Complementary Metal Oxide Silicon (CMOS) on a scale of 0.18 μm with a method of semi-custom. Formed a good layout for IC DTW and layout of the basic logic gate, we can see his behavior. By using Computer Aided Design (CAD) Electric, behavior can be translated in hardware language, known as Very High Speed Integrated Circuit Hardware Description Language (VHSIC HDL or VHDL). The verification process is done by making a prototype hardware uses a circuit of ADC and the FPGA Spartan-IIELC that have been implemented VHDL from IC DTW."

"Developments in molecular modeling from experimental and computational techniques have enabled a wide range of biological applications. This timely summary reflects the recent advances in bridging novel algorithms and high performance computing with characterization of important biological processes, such as folding dynamics of key proteins. It encompasses the perspectives of leading experts on this transformation in molecular biology, illustrating with state of the art examples how molecular modeling approaches are being applied to critical questions in modern quantitative biology"