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"Perang Dingin yang berakhir pada tahun 1990 telah mengubah konstelasi politik dan keamanan dunia. Kemunculan banyak negara baru yang dulu tidak terlalu dominan dalam politik dunia, kini menjadi pemain yang cukup diperhitungkan seperti Jepang. Setelah mengalami kekalahan pada Perang Dunia Ke-II, Jepang menjadi negara yang tidak normal karena tidak memiliki kekuatan militer.Sejak saat itu pula, Jepang menggantungkan keamanan nasionalnya di bawah perlindungan payung keamanan Amerika Serikat. Seiring berjalannya waktu, struktur keamanan global maupun regional telah berubah. Kemunculan China sebagai kekuatan regional baru, pengembangan senjata nuklir Korea Utara, modernisasi militer Korea Selatan, serta banyaknya masalah baik teritorial maupun sejarah di Asia Timur telah mempengaruhi Jepang untuk mengubah kebijakan Pertahanannya. Perubahan kebijakan ini diwujudkan dalam dua usaha yaitu usaha internal melalui peningkatan kekuatan pertahanan Jepang dan usaha eksternal melalui peningkatan diplomasi pertahanan Jepang dengan negara-negara di kawasan Asia Pasifik.

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The end of Cold War in 1990 changed global political constellation and security. The emergence of new global power that were not determined in the past, now have a very significant role in global politics such as Japan. After losing to U.S allies in the World War II, Japan became abnormal state because she did not have military power. Since then, Japan has been depended her national security on U.S security umbrella. After Cold War, the situation surroundings Japan has changed. China rose as a new global power, nuclear weapon possession by North Korea, South Korea's military modernization, and territorial disputes among them give impacts on Japan?s Defense Policy. The change of Japan's Defense Policy is indicated by two attempts, which are internal efforts and external efforts. Internal efforts are executed by increasing military power and external efforts are executed by developing defense diplomacy through security arrangements with the Asia Pacific countries."

"Japan's student-led protests of 1968–1969 resonated with similar movements around the world, particularly in their demand for individual autonomy and liberation from the burden of mature capitalism and the yoke of social regimentation. In the case of Japan, this movement also signified a major turning point in postwar intellectual culture. 1968 was when protesting youth led a critical rejection of the progressive intellectuals who had defined the substance of postwar Japanese democratic idealism. In intellectual terms, progressive thinkers were challenged from two directions: radicalism and conservatism. The confrontation between these three intellectual positions was dramatised in the movement that took place at the University of Tokyo. This article examines the experiences and responses of Maruyama Masao, Yoshimoto Takaaki (Ryūmei) and Hayashi Kentarō during the course of the 1968–1969 protests at the University of Tokyo. I conclude that while 1968 heralded the end of progressive predominance, it confirmed the importance of ideas about the self in postwar intellectual life."