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"This final assignment is observing about government system and institutions relationship in Indonesia, since Soeharto?s era until Reformation era. Its research is focused on presidentialism practice in Indonesia, study case of SBY-JK government (October 2004 ? March 2008). This objective study is based on the theories of presidentialism, democracy, political party, and presidential leadership especially in the third world with qualitative literature approach.Executive and legislative institution in Indonesia, had a dynamic relationship since Soeharto?s era. That situation made a problem in presidentialism practice. Within Soeharto?s power, new order era succeed to make executive heavy on the system. It means, Soeharto controlled the government system and became a centralistic of authority. On the other hand, legislative was powerless. This executive heavy caused dissatisfaction on the accountability, transparency, and mandate for the people. President is voted by legislative but in practical, executive was so powerful. Many people had realized then, if there were a disappointment on the government and political practice for 32 years of Soeharto?s era. After that, General economic distress was happened on 1997 in Indonesia within global monetary crisis. In addition, the government was controlled by corruption, collusion, and nepotism politician. As a result, people pushed the reform in 1998.Reformation 1998, has made a renewal in institutional relationship between executive, legislative, and judicative, especially President - House of Representative. With amendment UUD 1945, liberalization of political parties was occurred, House of Representative?s authority has been empowered, and all of the problems were started to be fixed. In the next four generation of President (B.J. Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawati, SBY), Indonesia had implemented those reform, but still adjusted. Until the election in 2004 and almost 10 years, reformation still has had a problem in presidentialism practice.The election in 2004 (within separated election and multiparty) was the new era for President who would be more powerful because of the direct election, but on the contrary, the combination between presidentialism and multiparty was a complicated combination. President faced with coalition party, minority president, and cohabitation in executive leadership. The fact, SBY-JK controls the government with weak management/policy and leadership of SBY-JK inside. So that, many problems which are faced by the government cannot be solved effectively/efficiently, at least during this research is being done."

"Setiap pemerintah saat ini sedang menghadapi krisis yang semakin besar namun tidak berisik. Pemerintah pusat seperti yang terjadi sekarang, semakin menjadi tidak relevan...."

"Hingga saat ini Indonesia masih menghadapi masalah korupsi atas keuangan negara yang masih tinggi meskipun upaya perbaikan sistem laporan keuangan yang berkualitas sudah diterapkan. Di sisi lain, dengan sistem desentralisasi dan pemilihan langsung atas lembaga legislatif dan eksekutif pemerintahan, divided government akan mendorong terjadinya proses checks and balances yang juga dapat mengurangi korupsi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat peran sistem pelaporan keuangan sebagai bentuk dari good governance dan peran divided government terhadap korupsi. Dengan tidak menggunakan variabel korupsi yang berupa persepsi karena bersifat subjektif dan cenderung bias, studi ini menggunakan data korupsi yang bersifat inkracht sehingga dapat menggambarkan kasus korupsi yang sebenarnya terjadi.Hasil studi menunjukkan bahwa good governance dengan indikator opini BPK yang diperoleh pemerintah kabupaten/kota belum bersifat substantif menggambarkan penggunaan keuangan negara. Akibatnya korupsi masih tetap terjadi pada wilayah yang sudah memperoleh opini terbaik. Sedangkan divided government yang seharusnya mendorong adanya checks and balances justru memunculkan ruang untuk negosiasi dan membuat peluang terjadinya korupsi semakin besar. Terlepas dari hal itu, upaya pemberantasan korupsi pada era pertama presiden Jokowi lebih baik dibandingkan periode sebelumnya.

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Indonesia still faces the problem of corruption in the country's finances which are still high even though efforts to improve the quality of the financial report system have been implemented. Furthermore, with a decentralized and direct election system of the legislative and executive institutions, divided government will encourage the process of checks and balances which can reduce corruption. This study aims to investigate the role of financial reporting systems as a representation of good governance and the role of divided government against corruption. Instead of using corruption perception variables which are subjective and susceptible to be biased, this study uses inkracht corruption data that can describe corruption cases that actually occur.

The results of the study show that good governance approached by Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan - BPK) opinion indicators obtained by district/city governments have not been substantively describing the use of state finances. As a result, corruption still occurs in the regions even for those which have obtained the best opinion. Whereas divided government, which should encourage checks and balances, promotes situations for negotiations and makes the chances of corruption occurring even greater. Despite on that fact, efforts to eradicate corruption in President Jokowi's first era were better than the previous government."

"Prinsip yang telah diketahui secara luas tentang negara adalah bahwa sebuah negara harus memiliki rakrakyat, wilayah dan pemerintahan. Dalam montivideo on the rights and duties of states, 1933 pasal 1 di tetapkan bahwa sebagai suatu kesatuan , negara harus memiliki empat kualifikasi, yaitu : ..."

"The goal of long term development 2005 -b2025 is to realize a progress, self - reliant and fair nation as the foundation for next development stages to fair and welfare people in the framework of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila (Five Principles) and Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (Constitution). Indicator of ahieving the Indonesian progress, self-reliant and fair, the next 20byears National Development is directed to the acievement fundamental targets as follow: a realizing good moral , civilized and humanized character of Indonesian people,b, realizing a competable nation to reach more prosperous and welfare , c. realizing democracy nation of Indonesia under law and justice, d. realizing safety and peace for the whole of Indonesian people and protect the unity of Republic of Indonesia and state sovereignty of foreign or domestic threat and realizing a fair distribution development and everlasting harmony state ,f. realizing Indonesia as strong , progress and self - reliant archipelago state,g. realizing Indonesian role in international relationship. Al those indicators are ideal hope for Indonesia in nation and state living. Hovewer those should be supported by estabilishing goog regional regulation. In the framework estabilishing good regional regulation, need some first steps, they are : Firstly, Establishment of Togetherness Vision on ideal condition which will be reached. Secondly, scale of priority which arrangement that will be prioritized as central point and covers other arrangements. Thirdly process of vertical hormonization to carry out a syncronized complete whole organization or arrangement compared to other similar or higher arrangement together with law principles . Forth arrangement must aim to development targets achievement in Local Long Term Development Plan (RPJPD) and Local Middle Term Development Plan (RPJMD). Fifth, those organizations or arrangement should be able to solve the emerging issues."

"Empiris rondirion manifest similar nomenclature of Plered Village at Cirebon , Plered Village at Purwakarta, and Plered Village at Bantul Yogyakarta. Behind the similarity there are essentiality instttusionalized to rural community at three Plered Village such as as have high enterpreneur value, similar value, similar language that is Java and Sunda language, thrith and dinamic , second the government of Plered some of the villages have high capacity of faith, the priority of discussion and agreement aspects. And become asymetry traditional reshuffle to financial reshuffle."