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"Sebelum tahun 1950, Tibet merupakan wilayah yang memiliki sistem pemerintahan independen dan Dalai Lama sebagai pemimpin politik dan spiritual masyarakat. Akan tetapi, seiring dengan berkuasanya Partai Komunis Cina pada tahun 1949, masuknya Tentara Pembebasan Rakyat Cina ke tanah Tibet menandai intervensi atas pemerintahan lokal dan masuknya paham komunis. Makalah ini menjelaskan dampak dari unifikasi Tibet dalam jangka waktu 1950 1959, serta gambaran sosial politik Tibet dan Cina yang melatarbelakangi unifikasi yang terjadi di antara kedua wilayah.

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Before 1950, Tibet was a region that had its own government system and the Dalai Lama as the people s political and spiritual leader. But as the Communist Party of China came into power in 1949, the entrance of People s Liberation Army onto the land of Tibet marked the coming intervension into local government, as well as the start of communist influence into its people. This paper explains the impact of the unification of Tibet in 1950 1959, as well as the social and politic view of Tibet and China that would be the base of the unification that happened. "

"Setiap pemerintah saat ini sedang menghadapi krisis yang semakin besar namun tidak berisik. Pemerintah pusat seperti yang terjadi sekarang, semakin menjadi tidak relevan...."

"This final assignment is observing about government system and institutions relationship in Indonesia, since Soeharto?s era until Reformation era. Its research is focused on presidentialism practice in Indonesia, study case of SBY-JK government (October 2004 ? March 2008). This objective study is based on the theories of presidentialism, democracy, political party, and presidential leadership especially in the third world with qualitative literature approach.Executive and legislative institution in Indonesia, had a dynamic relationship since Soeharto?s era. That situation made a problem in presidentialism practice. Within Soeharto?s power, new order era succeed to make executive heavy on the system. It means, Soeharto controlled the government system and became a centralistic of authority. On the other hand, legislative was powerless. This executive heavy caused dissatisfaction on the accountability, transparency, and mandate for the people. President is voted by legislative but in practical, executive was so powerful. Many people had realized then, if there were a disappointment on the government and political practice for 32 years of Soeharto?s era. After that, General economic distress was happened on 1997 in Indonesia within global monetary crisis. In addition, the government was controlled by corruption, collusion, and nepotism politician. As a result, people pushed the reform in 1998.Reformation 1998, has made a renewal in institutional relationship between executive, legislative, and judicative, especially President - House of Representative. With amendment UUD 1945, liberalization of political parties was occurred, House of Representative?s authority has been empowered, and all of the problems were started to be fixed. In the next four generation of President (B.J. Habibie, Gus Dur, Megawati, SBY), Indonesia had implemented those reform, but still adjusted. Until the election in 2004 and almost 10 years, reformation still has had a problem in presidentialism practice.The election in 2004 (within separated election and multiparty) was the new era for President who would be more powerful because of the direct election, but on the contrary, the combination between presidentialism and multiparty was a complicated combination. President faced with coalition party, minority president, and cohabitation in executive leadership. The fact, SBY-JK controls the government with weak management/policy and leadership of SBY-JK inside. So that, many problems which are faced by the government cannot be solved effectively/efficiently, at least during this research is being done."

"Prinsip yang telah diketahui secara luas tentang negara adalah bahwa sebuah negara harus memiliki rakrakyat, wilayah dan pemerintahan. Dalam montivideo on the rights and duties of states, 1933 pasal 1 di tetapkan bahwa sebagai suatu kesatuan , negara harus memiliki empat kualifikasi, yaitu : ..."

"The goal of long term development 2005 -b2025 is to realize a progress, self - reliant and fair nation as the foundation for next development stages to fair and welfare people in the framework of the Republic of Indonesia based on Pancasila (Five Principles) and Undang-Undang Dasar 1945 (Constitution). Indicator of ahieving the Indonesian progress, self-reliant and fair, the next 20byears National Development is directed to the acievement fundamental targets as follow: a realizing good moral , civilized and humanized character of Indonesian people,b, realizing a competable nation to reach more prosperous and welfare , c. realizing democracy nation of Indonesia under law and justice, d. realizing safety and peace for the whole of Indonesian people and protect the unity of Republic of Indonesia and state sovereignty of foreign or domestic threat and realizing a fair distribution development and everlasting harmony state ,f. realizing Indonesia as strong , progress and self - reliant archipelago state,g. realizing Indonesian role in international relationship. Al those indicators are ideal hope for Indonesia in nation and state living. Hovewer those should be supported by estabilishing goog regional regulation. In the framework estabilishing good regional regulation, need some first steps, they are : Firstly, Establishment of Togetherness Vision on ideal condition which will be reached. Secondly, scale of priority which arrangement that will be prioritized as central point and covers other arrangements. Thirdly process of vertical hormonization to carry out a syncronized complete whole organization or arrangement compared to other similar or higher arrangement together with law principles . Forth arrangement must aim to development targets achievement in Local Long Term Development Plan (RPJPD) and Local Middle Term Development Plan (RPJMD). Fifth, those organizations or arrangement should be able to solve the emerging issues."

"Empiris rondirion manifest similar nomenclature of Plered Village at Cirebon , Plered Village at Purwakarta, and Plered Village at Bantul Yogyakarta. Behind the similarity there are essentiality instttusionalized to rural community at three Plered Village such as as have high enterpreneur value, similar value, similar language that is Java and Sunda language, thrith and dinamic , second the government of Plered some of the villages have high capacity of faith, the priority of discussion and agreement aspects. And become asymetry traditional reshuffle to financial reshuffle."