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"Pada sistem transportasi minyak mentah melalui sistem perpipaan, sering dijumpai adanya masalah yang dapat mengganggu pendistribusian minyak mentah. Hal ini umumnya disebabkan oleh terbentuknya wax di sepanjang pipa distribusi. Adanya wax dapat mengganggu proses pendistribusian fluida sehingga flow assurance tidak tercapai. Oleh karena itu, prediksi karakteristik wax yang tepat sangat dibutuhkan untuk melakukan pengendalian terhadap pengendapan wax dalam pipa agar tercapai flow assurance. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memprediksi karakteristik pengendapan wax dengan menganalisa pengaruh variasi wax content dan penambahan light component pada komposisi minyak mentah. Kandungan wax content pada komposisi minyak mentah divariasikan pada persentase 5%, 10% dan 15% untuk dievaluasi pengaruhnya terhadap pengendapan wax. Selanjutnya, dilakukan variasi penambahan light component C6 sebagai upaya mitigasi pengendapan wax pada waxy crude oil tersebut dengan variasi penambahan sebesar 20%, 30%, 50% dan 100% dari komposisi awal light component C6 dalam minyak mentah. Simulasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan perangkat lunak aliran multifase untuk mendapatkan profil karakteristik pengendapan wax pada pipa. Dari hasil simulasi flow assurance didapatkan hasil bahwa wax content berbanding lurus terhadap ketebalan endapan, wax appearance temperature (WAT), total padatan terlarut, dan laju pengendapan wax. Penambahan light component C6 dengan persentase 100% mampu mengurangi ketebalan endapan wax sebesar 79,27%; 33,42%; dan 4,91% pada variasi wax content 5%; 10%; dan 15%. Penambahan light component memenuhi kelayakan secara teknis karena dapat menjamin aliran di dalam perpipaan dan menekan pertumbuhan ketebalan endapan wax di bawah 5 mm sehingga dapat mengurangi frekuensi penggunaan pigging pada pipa.

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In the crude oil transportation system through the pipeline system, problems that can interfere with the distribution of crude oil are often encountered. This is generally caused by wax build-up along the distribution pipe. The presence of wax can interfere the fluid distribution process so that flow assurance is not achieved. Therefore, the correct prediction of wax characteristics is needed to control the wax deposition in the pipe in order to achieve flow assurance. This study aims to predict the characteristics of wax deposition by analyzing the effect of wax content and the addition of light components C6 in the crude oil composition. The wax content in the crude oil composition was varied at a percentage of 5%, 10% and 15% to evaluate its effect on the thickness and rate of wax deposition. Furthermore, variations of light components C6 addition to the waxy crude oil are carried out with additional variations of 20%, 30%, 50% and 100% of the initial value of the light component composition in the crude oil. The simulation was carried out using multiphase flow software to obtain the characteristic profile of wax deposition on the pipe. From the flow assurance simulation results, it was found that wax content was directly proportional to the wax thickness, wax appearance temperature (WAT), total dissolved solids, and wax deposition rate. The addition of light component C6 with a percentage of 100% was able to reduce the thickness of the wax deposition by 79.27%; 33.42%; and 4.91% for the variation of the wax content of 5%; 10%; and 15%. The addition of light component meets technical feasibility because it can ensure flow assurance in the pipeline and reduce the thickness of the wax deposition below 5 mm so as to reduce the frequency of using pigging on the pipe."

"Pelumas adalah salah satu produk non BBM yang menjadi andalan untuk mendapatkan laba bagi PERTAMINA. Oleh sebab itu optimasi produksi perlu dilaksanakan dalam menghadapi persaingan pasar. Melalui studi simulasi, dilakukan percobaan-percobaan untuk mengoptimalkan sarana produksi yang telah ada. Yaitu dengan memilih kombinasi terbaik dari tanki-tanki blending yang digunakan untuk memproduksi pelumas khusus dalam kemasan liter dan kemasan galon. Dari 8 tanki blending dengan 4 macam tipe kapasitas yang ada di LOBP, dapat dibuat 14 macam kombinasi tanki blending dimana setiap kombinasi terdiri dari 2 tanki blending. Setiap kombinasi akan menghasilkan batch size produk yang berbeda. Permintaan pelumas dalam kemasan sangat berfluktuasi setiap harinya. Qleh sebab itu penentuan kombinasi yang paling baik sangat diperlukan, agar stole pelumas dtgudang tidak kekurangan atau tidak bertebihan (overstock) dalam mengantisipasi permintaan yang ada. Diharapkan model yang dibuat dalam studi ini dapat digunakan dan dikembangkan dikemudian hari."

"This book presents a complete review of the unique instruments and the communication technologies utilized in downhole drilling environments. These instruments and communication technologies play a critical role in drilling hydrocarbon wells safely, accurately and efficiently into a target reservoir zone by acquiring information about the surrounding geological formations as well as providing directional measurements of the wellbore. Research into instruments and communication technologies for hydrocarbon drilling has not been explored by researchers to the same extent as other fields, such as biomedical, automotive and aerospace applications. Therefore, the book serves as an opportunity for researchers to truly understand how instruments and communication technologies can be used in a downhole environment and to provide fertile ground for research and development in this area. A look ahead, discussing other technologies such as micro-electromechanical-systems (MEMS) and fourth industrial revolution technologies such as automation, the industrial internet of things (IIoT), artificial intelligence, and robotics that can potentially be used in the oil/gas industry are also presented, as well as requirements still need to be met in order to deploy them in the field."

"ABSTRAKHidrogen sulfida merupakan gas beracun yang terkandung pada instalasiproduksi associated gas suatu industri eksplorasi minyak dan gas. Skripsi inimerupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan semi kuantitatif menggunakandata sekunder perusahaan dan literature serta observasi lapangan yang kemudiandianalisis menggunakan perangkat lunak Areal Location Hazardous Atmosphere(ALOHA). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui konsekuensi yang terjadiberdasarkan jangkauan dispersi gas, dan populasi berisiko terpajan dari skenariokebocoran instalasi produksi associated gas yang sudah dirancang.Hasil penelitian ini didapatkan bahwa skenario worst case (ruptur dantidak terkendali) pada pipa gas berukuran 10 inch memiliki dispers gas palingluas. Dalam satu jam, dispersi gas H2S terjauh dengan AEGL-1 0.51 ppm (60min) mencapai 3.6 km dengan populasi berisiko mencakup penduduk yang tinggaldi sekitar area station produksi PT. X. Selain itu didapatkan gambaranpengetahuan populasi berisiko terpanajan mengenai bahaya kebocoran gas sertagambaran sistem keselamatan kebocoran gas yang tersedia di PT.X

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ABSTRACTHydrogen sulfide is a toxic gas that is contained on the installation ofassociated gas production of an oil and gas exploration industry. This thesis is adescriptive study with a semi-quantitative approach using secondary data from thecompany, literature and field observations. Then, these data are analyzed using thesoftware Areal Location of Hazardous Atmosphere (ALOHA). The purpose ofthis study was to determine the consequences that occur based on the range of gasdispersion, and population at risk to exposed of leakage scenarios that have beendesigned at the associated gas production installations.The results of this study found that the worst case scenario (uncontrolledrupture) in a 10 inches gas pipeline has the most extensive gas dispersion. Withinan hour, the farthest H2S gas dispersion with AEGL-1 0.51 ppm (60 min) reached3.6 km with a population at risk include people living in the surrounding area ofproduction station. Moreover, other results from this study were the level ofknowledge from population at risk about the dangers from gas leaks and gas leakssafety systems overview that available in PT.X."