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"In this volume, the design, manufacture and control technology of precision machines are introduced to achieve the concrete requirements for precision engineering. The state-of-the-art of precision machining processes including precision turning, milling, grinding and lapping/polishing are discussed. The key components of precision machines are introduced as well, such as precision spindles, control systems, tools and grinding wheels etc. For design part, methods for the design and simulation of the general structure of precision machines as well as the key components are described in details. For manufacture part, fabrication and assembly technologies for different types of precision machines are introduced. For control part, control system, measurement and compensation technology for precision machines are discussed. The information provided in the book will be of interest to industrial practitioners and researchers in the field of precision machines and their control."

"Peralatan-peralatan listrik sekarang ini seperti lampu, telah menerapkan teknologi Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) pada rangkaian catu dayanya dalam mengkonversi tegangan AC menjadi tegangan DC. Proses konversi pada beban elektronika ini menimbulkan adanya rugi-rugi konversi. Sehingga muncul peluang DC microgrid untuk meminimalisir rugi-rugi daya yang dimanfaatkan untuk mensuplai beban - beban AC tersebut.Seiring dengan berjalannya waktu, DC microgrid mulai di ujicoba untuk diparalel dengan DC microgrid lainnya, agar dapat ikut membantu membagi beban-beban penggunaan oleh konsumen, dan menjaga agar ketersediaan listrik tetap terjaga apabila terjadi gangguan pada salah satu DC microgrid.Ketika dilakukan paralel DC-DC konverter dengan seluruh komponen dan peralatan yang identik didapatkan yaitu terjadi ketidakseimbangan dalam pembagian arus antar konverter terhadap beban yang digunakan. Ketidakseimbangan arus ini terjadi karena faktor toleransi komponen dalam konverter yang tidak mungkin sama. Faktor lain yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan perbedaan arus adalah faktor penggunaan kabel atau konduktor listik dimana karakteristik kabel yang tidak identik dari konverter ke beban akhir.Kemudian muncul penggunaan komponen pasif sebagai penyeimbang arus berupa induktor toroid, sehingga menjadikan selisih keseimbangan arus antar konverter menjadi lebih baik dan efisien.

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Current electrical equipment such as lights, have implemented technology Switched Mode Power Supply (SMPS) on the power supply circuit converts the AC voltage into DC voltage. The conversion process in this electronic load losses gave rise to conversion. So there is an opportunity DC microgrid to minimize power losses are used to supply the AC load.

Over the time, the DC microgrid started in trials for paraller DC microgrid with others, in order to help to divide the load by consumers used, and to keep the availability of electricity is maintained in the event of interference on one DC microgrid.

When done parallel DC-DC Converter with all components and equipment that are identical obtained is an imbalance in current sharing between the konverter to the load being used. This occurs because the current imbalance tolerance factor components in konverter that not be the same. Another factor that ultimately led to the current difference is a factor of the use of wires or conductor electric cable in which the characteristics are not identical from the konverter to the load end.

Then came the use of passive components such as balancing current toroid inductors, making the difference between the current balance konverter becomes better and more efficient."