Hasil Pencarian  ::  Simpan CSV :: Kembali

"Gagasan kewarganegaraan global lahir dari kritik terhadap ketidakadilan dan eksklusi yang ditimbulkan oleh kewarganegaraan nasional. Tinjauan pustaka ini berusaha mengkaji bagaimana kewarganegaraan global dipahami, diformulasikan, dan diaplikasikan di dalam berbagai literatur. Terdapat enam tema utama yang muncul. Tiga tema pertama diadaptasi dari Cabrera 2008, yaitu kewarganegaraan global dan pembentukan institusi global, kewarganegaraan global sebagai orientasi moral, dan kewarganegaraan internasional. Tiga tema selanjutnya merupakan hasil temuan penulis, yaitu kewarganegaraan internasional bagi migran dan pengungsi, kewarganegaraan sebagai aksi, dan kewarganegaraan global sebagai gugatan terhadap demokrasi liberal. Di samping perkembangan akademisnya, literatur-literatur kewarganegaraan global tidak menghasilkan kritik yang efektif. Penulis berargumen bahwa hal ini disebabkan oleh marginalnya topik kewarganegaraan global dalam HI. Selain itu, dominasi teori kritis pada literatur membawa konsekuensi tersendiri. Teori kritis mengarah pada solusi yang ambigu, utopis dan tidak aktual. Teori kritis juga saling mengkritik alih-alih membangun satu sama lainnnya.

---

The idea of global citizenship emerges as the criticism of injustices and exclusions resulted from national citizenship. This paper reviews six themes about how global citizenship is conceived, formulated, and applied in literatures. The first three themes are adopted from Cabrera (2008). They are 'global citizenship and global institution building', 'global citizenship as moral orientation', and 'international citizenship'. The other three themes are critically developed. They are 'international citizenship for migrants and refuges', 'global citizenship as action', and 'global citizenship as criticism of liberal democracy'. Aside from this academic development, the literatures of global citizenship fail to generate effective critics. This paper argues that the failure is caused by the marginality of citizenship studies in International Relations. While critical theory, as the most dominant paradigm in literatures, leads to utopian and unrealistic alternatives of global citizenship, and never ending debates among literatures."

"A Vision of Europe analyses a little-known collaborative effort by France and Germany to secure a durable peace between the World Wars, through European integration organized around a Franco-German axis. Received wisdom has it that the era of Franco-German rapprochement depended from 1925 on a close personal relationship between the French and German Foreign Ministers, Briand and Stresemann. With Stresemanns death in 1929, and the simultaneous onset of the interwar Great Depression, Germany in particular allegedly turned its back on this process of rapprochement several years before Hitler took power. However, A Vision of Europe challenges this view of Franco-German relations during the Depression years. Upsets and setbacks notwithstanding, a sustained mutual effort drew on political will, diplomatic rationale, economic synergies, cultural affinities, and various peace movements to agree a Franco-German customs union which had European union as its ultimate goal. These efforts were formalized in the Franco-German Berlin Accord of September 1931, with the diplomacy surrounding this event forming the heart of this book. By mid-1932, however, rapprochement had all but failed. An unforeseen crisis in trading relations, the impact on French opinion of a media scandal surrounding the publication of the late Stresemanns memoirs, and the disruptive impact of domestic party politics in both countries derailed a process that had been conceived by France and Germanys diplomatic, political and economic elites. Nonetheless, this first modern attempt at European unification reflected a deeper process and logic that survived Hitler and informed the creation of the contemporary European Union."