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"This article is focused and the effect of economic development, especially urban development, upon informal activities and urban poor. The gist of this article is that although an impressive record of economic growth had been achieved during PJP I (the first long term development strategy), the urban informal activities and urban poor still seamed to experiences the same problems. Partly these as a result of the development implemented tend to be concentrated in urban areas of Java, especially around the primate city of Jakarta. This inequality of development not only affected the performance of development activities but has also hindered the spread of employment opportunities to other areas, both rural and urban. Consequently, most of the urban labour forces have forced to remain involved in the informal activities and therefore keep them stay in the poor conditions."

"Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah ingin mengkaji dampak dari perkembangan perdagangan internasional di Indonesia terhadap pencapaian Sustainable Development Goals dengan menggunakan data panel 33 provinsi selama periode 2009-2019. Analisis didasarkan bukti empiris pada empat indikator pembangunan ekonomi berkelanjutan yaitu PDRB perkapita, ketimpangan, kemiskinan dan ketenagakerjaaan yang berfokus di sektor manufaktur. Dikarenakan indikator tersebut memiliki hubungan yang simultan, maka model diestimasi dengan teknik ekonometrika Two Stage Least Square and Instrumental Variable. Hasil regresi dalam penelitian mengindikasikan bahwa dengan adanya keterbukaan perdagangan memiliki pengaruh yang signifikan terhadap peningkatan pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui PDRB perkapita. Begitu pun hasil yang baik pada indikator ketenagakerjaan, dengan adanya keterbukaan perdagangan mendorong penyerapan tenaga kerja di sektor manufaktur. Namun, hasil yang sebaliknya ditemukan untuk indikator kemiskinan dan ketimpangan, hasil regresi menujukkan keterbukaan perdagangan belum berdampak signifikan. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa manfaat dari perdagangan belum terdistribusi sampai ke masyarakat miskin sehingga tidak memberikan dampak secara langsung untuk kedua indikator tersebut. Akan tetapi ditemukan bahwa secara tidak langsung efek keterbukaan perdagangan melalui interaksi dengan share of labor manufacturing membuat ketimpangan menurun meskipun interaksi ini juga memberikan efek yang negatif pada pertumbuhan ekonomi.

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This study is to examine the impact of the development of international trade in Indonesia on the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) using panel data from 33 provinces during the 2009-2019 period. The analysis is based on empirical evidence on four indicators of sustainable economic development: GDP per capita by province, inequality, poverty and employment focus on the manufacturing sector. Because these indicators have a simultaneous relationship, the model is estimated using the Two Stage Least Square and Instrumental Variable. The results of the regression in the study indicate that the existence of trade openness has a significant effect on increasing economic growth through per capita GDP. For employment, the existence of trade openness also encourages employment in the manufacturing sector. However, the opposite results were found for indicators of poverty and inequality, the regression results show that trade openness has not had a significant impact. This indicates that the benefits of trade have not been distributed to the poor, so it does not have a direct impact on both indicators. But this study, it was found that indirectly the effect of trade openness through interaction with the share of labor manufacturing makes inequality decrease even though this interaction also has a negative effect on economic growth."