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"ABSTRAK Studi penelitian ini mengenai Organisasi Intelijen di Indonesia yang ditemukan sedang menerapkan sistem Komando dan Kendali. Sistem yang di terapkan bernama C3I, merupakan kependekan dari Command, Control, Communication, and Intelligence. Karena sistem C3I berkarakteristik sebagai Center of Gravity (CoG), maka C3I mempunyai arti vital, yang dalam hal ini dimiliki oleh organisasi intelijen militer dan organisasi intelijen negara. Masalah yang diangkat adalah penerapan sistem C3I yang sedang diimplementasikan dan analisis efektivitas sistem tersebut terhadap teknologi intelijen Indonesia.Dalam penelitian ini menggunakan analisis deskriptif analitik. Analisis ini digunakan untuk menggali dan mengenali lebih dalam tentang penggunaan sistem C3I di dalam penerapannya, termasuk teori dasar pada struktur teknologi intelijen di dalam organisasi intelijen Indonesia. Dalam menganalisis efektivitas dari penerapan sistem C3I menggunakan metode Force Field Analysis dan alat analisis SWOT. Penelitian ini menggunakan hasil wawancara delapan narasumber yang mempunyai kompetensi dan pengalaman terhadap konsep, teori, dan implementasi sistem C3I, termasuk kajian literatur.Hasil analisis deskriptif analitik menunjukkan bahwa dibutuhkan modernisasi teknologi intelijen dan infrastruktur pendukung sistem C3I dalam membantu kegiatan intelijen. Didapati permasalahan di dalam terbatasnya metode untuk saling berkomunikasi, belum mengintegrasikan sistem pengamanan trasmisi dengan metode keamanan terpadu (encrypted), serta melakukan akusisi terhadap sistem komunikasi satelit mandiri sesuai dengan kompartemen dari organisasi intelijen militer dan negara. Selain itu minimnya sumber daya manusia yang mempunyai kemampuan dan pengalaman dalam mengawaki sistem C3I merupakan masalah yang harus segera ditangani demi tercapainya optimalisasi penggunaan sistem tersebut.

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ABSTRACT This research study regarding the implementation of the Indonesian intelligence organization Command and Control system. The system be integrated called C3I. Because C3I systems characterized as Center of Gravity (COG), the C3I have vital significance, which in this case is owned by the military intelligence organization and national intelligence organization of Operations Command Control Centre. The issue raised was the effectiveness of C3I systems that have been implemented and the analysis of the development of such systems in the future for challenging upcoming threat.This study used a descriptive analytics analysis. This analysis is used to explore and identify more about the use of C3I systems in its implementation, including the basic theory of organizational structure in this regard Indonesian intelligence organization. Approach to analyzing the effectiveness of the implementation of C3I systems using Force Field Analysis methods and SWOT as tool of analysis. This study interviews eight speakers who have the competence and experience of the concepts, theories, and implementation of C3I systems, also extensive literature studies.Analytics analysis results indicate that the required modernization of the electronic intelligence and technology of intelligence systems and the supporting infrastructure C3I systems. Problems found in the lack of safe methods to communicate with one another, communication transmission has not integrate security systems with encrypted by intelligence spec security methods, and perform the acquisition of the satellite communications owned by Indonesian intelligence organization, both national and military. Besides of findings above, lack of human resources who have the ability and experience manning C3I systems are also main issue that must be addressed in order to achieve optimization of the system."

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Dewasa ini, kantong plastik mulai menjadi keresahan bagi lingkungan karena kebanyakan dari plastik akan berakhir menjadi sampah dan mengotori lingkungan. Bahan dasar pembuatan kantong plastik mengakibatkan kantong plastik menjadi tidak mudah terurai dan berakhir menumpuk di tempat pembuangan sampah. Tidak berhenti di situ, sampah kantong plastik tersebut berpindah tempat sampai ke laut dikarenakan oleh aktivitas angin atau aliran sungai. Dilansir dari data Bank Dunia, sampah kantong plastik sekali pakai mendominasi sampah plastik di Indonesia. Dengan besarnya volume timbulan sampah kantong plastik tersebut, upaya pengelolaan sampah di hilir sudah tidak cukup. Sehingga, perlu dilakukan upaya preventif berupa pengurangan sampah dari hulu. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan intervensi pemerintah untuk membatasi timbulan sampah kantong plastik. Upaya tersebut dapat dilakukan pemerintah melalui pendekatan command and control. Dengan menggunakan metode penelitian yuridis normatif, skripsi ini berupaya memberikan solusi pengurangan sampah kantong plastik dengan melakukan perbandingan pada penerapan pendekatan command and control melalui Peraturan Walikota Banjarmasin Nomor 18 Tahun 2016 tentang Pengurangan Penggunaan Kantong Plastik. Penerapan larangan penyediaan kantong plastik melalui peraturan walikota tersebut terbukti efektif dalam mengurangi sampah kantong plastik di Kota Banjarmasin walaupun tidak didukung oleh pengaturan sanksi. Keefektifan peraturan walikota tanpa pengaturan sanksi akan dijelaskan dengan menggunakan teori benign big gun. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, diharapkan larangan penyediaan kantong plastik dapat diadaptasi di kota lain di Indonesia guna mengurangi sampah kantong plastik yang kian mencemari lingkungan.

 

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These days, plastic bags have become a source of problem for the environment, since most of them will end up as waste and pollute the environment. The basic ingredients in plastic bags makes it hard for them to break down and caused them to end up piled up in landfills. Not only that, the plastic bag waste would also find its way to the sea due to wind or river flow. Data from the World Bank stated that disposable plastic bags waste makes up the majority of plastic waste in Indonesia. With such large volume of plastic bag waste, downstream waste management efforts are not enough. Therefore, it is necessary to take preventive measures in the form of reducing waste from the upstream. Hence, government intervention is needed to limit the insurgence of plastic bag waste. The effort can be made by the government through a command and control approach. By using a normative juridical research method, this thesis seeks to provide a solution to reduce plastic bag waste by comparing the application of the command and control approach through Banjarmasin Mayor Regulation No. 18 of 2016 concerning Reducing the Use of Plastic Bags. The implementation of the ban on supplying plastic bags through the mayor's regulation proved effective in reducing plastic bag waste in Banjarmasin City even though it was not supported by sanctions. The effectiveness of the mayor's regulations without the regulation of sanctions will be explained using the beningn big gun theory. Based on this, it is expected that the ban on supplying plastic bags can be adapted in other cities in Indonesia to reduce plastic bag waste which is increasingly polluting the environment.

 

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"Pendekatan command and control merupakan pendekatan yang berarti Pemerintah merupakan satu-satunya pihak yang bertanggung jawab untuk membuat suatu norma peraturan, mengawasi, dan melalukan penegakan hukum. Terdapat pendapat yang menyatakan bahwa pendekatan command and control tidak berjalan dengan efektif di Indonesia, khususnya yang akan dibahas dalam tulisan ini yaitu penerapan pendekatan command and control di Sungai Citarum, karena kondisi pencemaran di Sungai Citarum yang tidak kunjung membaik selama bertahun-tahun. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah yuridis-normatif. Penerapan pendekatan command and control di Sungai Citarum kurang berjalan dengan efektif karena disebabkan oleh beberapa faktor, yang diantaranya peraturan perundang-undangan yang ada kurang memadai dan pihak Pemerintah yang tidak tegas dalam melakukan pengawasan dan penegakan hukumnya. Kesimpulan dalam penelitian ini adalah bahwa yang seharusnya dihilangkan bukanlah pendekatan command and control-nya, melainkan dilakukannya suatu perbaikan sistem pelaksanaan peraturan oleh Pemerintah dan mengkombinasikan pendekatan command and control dengan instrumen informasi menggunakan smart regulation.

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The command and control approach is an approach which means that the Government is the only party who is responsible for making regulatory norms, supervising, and doing law enforcement. There is an opinion that the command and control approach does not work effectively in Indonesia, especially the one that will be discussed in this paper that the application of the command and control approach does not work in Citarum River because the pollution conditions have not improved for years. The research method used is juridical-normative. The application of the command and control approach in the Citarum River is not running effectively because it is caused by several factors, including inadequate existing regulations and the Government who are not strict in conducting supervision and law enforcement. The conclusion in this study is that what should be eliminated is not the command and control approach, but rather an improved system of implementing regulations by the Government and combining the command and control approach with information instrument using smart regulation."