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"ABSTRAKMasyarakat modern menghadapi banyak tantangan, termasuk diantaranya populasiyang bertambah, meningkatnya permintaan bahan makanan, pakaian, perumahan, dan bahanbaku yang diperlukan untuk memproduksi semuanya itu. Untuk memproduksi barang-barangpemenuhan kebutuhan tersebut dibutuhkan sejumlah sumber daya energi yang besar.Kebutuhan energi yang bertumbuh dapat dipenuhi secara mudah dengan menggunakan bahanbakar fosil (batubara, gas alam, dan minyak bumi). Pemanfaatan bahan bakar fosil diIndonesia masih mendominasi dibandingkan sumber energi yang lain, minyak bumi (34%),batubara (20%), dan gas (20%). Banyak ahli berpendapat bahwa skenario ini tidak sesuaiuntuk jangka panjang, dan alternatif-alternatif yang lain diperlukan.Pemanfaatan energi terbarukan di Indonesia sendiri masih sangat rendah.Pemanfaatan sumber energi dari air 3%, panas bumi 1%, bahan bakar nabati 2%, danbiomassa 20%. Biofuel termasuk salah satunya bioethanol, merupakan sumber energiterbarukan yang dapat membantu memenuhi kebutuhan terhadap energi.Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan proses mendesain ulang dan optimasi compactdistillator yang telah ada pada penelitian sebelumnya. Compact distillator merupakan jeniskolom distilasi batch. Proses desain kolom menggunakan metode shortcut, kemudiandilakukan desain tray untuk menentukan geometri keseluruhan dari compact distillator. Lowgrade bioethanol pada kondisi umpan diharapkan menghasilkan high grade bioethanol padakeluaran condenser. Hasil penelitian terdahulu menunjukkan bahwa campuran bensin denganbio-ethanol menunjukkan kualitas pembakaran yang baik, yang menghasilkan performa danemisi yang optimum.

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ABSTRACTModern societies face many challanges, including growing populations, increasingdemands for foods, clothing, housing, and the raw materials required to produce all of these.To produce all of these needs is required huge amount of energy. Growing need for energyeasily met by use of fossil fuels (e.g. coal, natural gas, petroleum). Utilization of fossil fuelsin Indonesia is still in biggest portion compare with other energy resources, petroleum (34%),coal (20%), and gas (20%). Many experts argue that this scenario is not suitable in the longterm, and other alternatives are needed.Utilization of renewable energy in Indonesia is still low. Utilization of energyresources from water 3%, geothermal 1%, biofuel 2%, and biomass 20%. Biofuels includingbioethanol are renewable energy resources that can help meet energy need.In this research has been done redesign process and optimization of compactdistillatory which from previous research. Compact distillator is batch distillation columntype. Colum design process has used shortcut method, and then has been done tray design todetermine whole geometry of compact distillator. Low grade bioethanol in feed condition isexpected to produce high grade bioethanol from output condenser. Previous research resulthas showed that gasoline-bioethanol mixtures has better combustion quality, and then deliveroptimum performances and emissions."

"ABSTRAKPenelitian mengenai bahan bakar nabati terus berkembang sampai saat ini.Perkembangan ini secara spesifik sudah ditandai dengan pengembangan generasikedua biofuel yakni renewable diesel. Renewable diesel merupakan hidrokarbonturunan dari minyak nabati yang mengalami proses deoksigenasi. Pada penelitianini, langkah awal yang dilakukan adalah melakukan preparasi katalis nanopartikelNiMo/Al2O3 menggunakan metode simple heating. Hasil karakterisasi dari katalisini adalah ukuran partikel sebesar 93,43 nm dan 59,07 nm. Katalis nanopartikelNiMo/Al2O3 kemudian digunakan untuk reaksi deoksigenasi dengan senyawamodel asam oleat yang dikondisikan pada tekanan 9 bar dan 15 bar, suhu operasi400°C, dan kecepatan pengadukan 800 rpm. Konversi tertinggi dari minyakdeoksigenasi ini mampu mencapai 68,51 % sedangkan selektivitasnya sebesar57,56 %.

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ABSTRACTResearch on bio-fuels continues to grow today. This development has been

specifically characterized by the development of second generation biofuels which

is named renewable diesel. Renewable diesel is hydrocarbons derived from

vegetable oils undergo a process of deoxygenation. In this study, the first step is to

make the catalyst nanoparticle of NiMo/Al2O3 with simple heating?s method. The

results of this characterization of the catalyst particle size are capable of reaching

the 93,43 nm and 59,07 nm. Nanoparticles catalyst of NiMo/Al2O3 then used for

the deoxygenation reaction with oleic acid which is conditioned at a pressure of 9

bar and 15 bar, operating temperature of 400 °C, and stirring speed of 800 rpm.

The highest conversion of oil deoxygenation is able to achieve 68,51% while the

selectivity of 57,56%."

""Providing the world's growing population with its increasing demands for energy is a major challenge for science, business and society alike. Energy can be generated from many sources, but not all sources are suitable for every application. Much of today's technology has been built on solid, liquid and gaseous fuels derived from fossil sources. However, the supply of these is finite and their combustion produces carbon dioxide, one of the gases responsible for global warming. Therefore, alternative sources of energy are required which are renewable, sustainable and carbon neutral."."This textbook explores the production of biofuels as alternatives to fossil fuels, focusing on the technological issues that need to be addressed for any new fuel source. Each type of biofuel currently in production is considered in detail, covering the benefits and problems with production and use and the potential for biological material to provide sufficient energy for the world's population - the principles on which future fuel development are based."--BOOK JACKET.ContentsEnergy and fossil fuel useConsequences of burning fossil fuelMitigation of global warmingBiological solid fuelsGaseous biofuelsLiquid biofuels to replace petrolLiquid biofuels to replace dieselThe benefits and deficiencies of biofuels."

"Penggunaan Tandan Kosong Kelapa Sawit TKKS sebagai bahan baku bioetanol generasi kedua menghasilkan limbah lindi hitam yang kandungan utamanya adalah lignin. Sebagai senyawa polimer fenolik, gugus hidroksifenolik pada lignin memungkinkannya bertindak sebagai antioksidan. Pada penelitian ini, isolat lignin lindi hitam diuji aktivitasnya sebagai antioksidan pada biodiesel. Lignin diperoleh dengan pertama-tama melakukan praperlakuan TKKS dengan metode organosolv pada suhu 170 C selama 2,5 jam dan dilanjutkan dengan melakukan isolasi lignin teknis. Isolat lignin ditambahkan ke dalam biodiesel dengan variasi konsentrasi 500, 1000, dan 1500 ppm. Lignin komersial dan antioksidan sintetik butylated hydroxytoluene BHT digunakan sebagai kontrol positif. Uji stabilitas oksidasi biodiesel dilakukan dengan metode Rancimat. Sedangkan uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan menghitung bilangan asam, bilangan peroksida, dan viskositas kinematik biodiesel pada pekan ke-0, 1, 2, 3, dan 4. Karakteristik isolat lignin organosolv yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini meliputi: rendemen lignin 13,7 kadar lignin 64,5 bobot ekuivalen 1822,1 g/ekuivalen dan kadar hidroksifenolik 6,8. Spektrum FTIR lignin organosolv menunjukkan kesamaan pita serapan dengan lignin komersial. Penambahan lignin organosolv, lignin komersial, dan BHT mampu menghambat laju oksidasi biodiesel dengan urutan aktivitas antioksidan dari yang terbesar hingga yang terkecil secara berturut-turut yakni BHT, lignin komersial, dan lignin organosolv.

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Utilization of Palm Oil Empty Fruit Bunch POEFB as second generation bioethanol feedstock produces black liquor waste which the main content is lignin. As phenolic polymer compound, the hydroxyphenolic group in lignin enables it to act as antioxidant. In this study, lignin isolate from black liquor was tested for their activity as antioxidants in biodiesel. Lignin was obtained by first performing POEFB pretreatment by organosolv method at 170 C for 2.5 hours and followed by technical lignin isolation. Lignin isolate was added to biodiesel with variation of concentration 500, 1000, and 1500 ppm. Commercial lignin and synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene BHT were used as positive control. The biodiesel oxidation stability test was performed by Rancimat method. While antioxidant activity test was done by identifying the acid number, peroxide number, and kinematic viscosity of biodiesel at week 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Characteristics of organosolv lignin isolate obtained from this research include lignin yield 13,7 64.5 lignin content equivalent weight of 1822.1 g equivalent and hydroxyphenolic content of 6.8. The organosolv lignin FTIR spectrum shows the similarity of absorption bands to commercial lignin. The addition of organosolv lignin, commercial lignin, and BHT are able to inhibit the rate of oxidation of biodiesel with the sequence of antioxidant activity from the largest to the smallest successively BHT, commercial lignin, and organosolv lignin."

"Penelitian ini fokus pada kebijakan diversifikasi energi melalui pemanfaatan biodiesel sebagai campuran minyak solar pada sektor transportasi PSO Public Service Obligation di Indonesia. Tujuan penelitian menganalisis perkembangan kebijakan diversifikasi energi melalui pemanfaatan biodiesel sebagai campuran minyak solar; menganalisis tingkat keberhasilan implementasi kebijakan; serta menganalisis faktor ndash; faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan, penawaran dan harga biodiesel di Indonesia menggunakan model simultan 2SLS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa 1 harga biodiesel masih lebih tinggi dari harga minyak solar; 2 kewajiban memanfaatan biodiesel ini mampu meningkatkan kapasitas produksi, konsumsi dan penawaran biodiesel Indonesia; 3 realisasi pemamfaatan biodiesel lebih rendah dari target yang diharapkan pemerintah 4 faktor ndash; faktor yang mempengaruhi permintaan biodiesel adalah konsumsi biodiesel sebelumnya dan GDP. Sementara penawaran biodiesel dipengaruhi harga biodiesel, kapasitas produksi dan penawaran biodiesel periode sebelumnya. Harga biodiesel berhubungan kuat dengan harga CPO dan harga minyak bumi.

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This study focuses on energy diversification policy through the biodiesel utilization for transportation sector Public Service Obligation in Indonesia. The aims of the study are to describe the latest information about diversification energy policy through biodiesel utilization as mixed diesel fuel to analyze the achievement of policy implementation of the biodiesel utilization and to describe the affecting factors of biodiesel price, demand and supply in Indonesia using simultant equation and estimation of Two Stage Least Squares method 2SLS.

The results of the study show that 1 the biodiesel price is still higher than fuel price solar 2 The biodiesel utilization policy is able to increase biodiesel production capacity, demand and supply 3 Realization of biodiesel utilization is still lower than government target 4 factors that affect demand for biodiesel in Indonesia are biodiesel consumption period in last year and GDP. While the biodiesel supply is influenced by biodiesel price, production capacity and biodiesel stock. The biodiesel price has relationship with CPO price and oil price."

"Many of the world's leading experts have contributed to this volume on biofuel pretreatment, making it a valuable and authoritative sourcebook that covers the variety of biomass types, such as molasses and cheese whey, and a range of treatment techniques"

"Concerns over dwindling fossil fuel reserves and impending climate changes have focused attention worldwide on the need to discover alternative, sustainable energy sources and fuels. Biofuels, already produced on a massive industrial scale, are seen as one answer to these problems. However, very real concerns over the effects of biofuel production on food supplies, with some of the recent increases in worldwide food costs attributable to biofuel production, have lead to the realization that new, non-food substrates for biofuel production must be bought online. This book is an authoritative, comprehensive, up-to-date review of the various options under development for the production of advanced biofuels as alternative energy carriers. "

"This microbiology monograph provides an overview of methods for studying microbial stress tolerance for biofuels applications using a systems biology approach.Topics covered range from mechanisms to methodology for yeast and bacteria, including the genomics of yeast tolerance and detoxification, genetics and regulation of glycogen and trehalose metabolism, programmed cell death, high gravity fermentations, ethanol tolerance, improving biomass sugar utilization by engineered Saccharomyces, the genomics on tolerance of zymomonas mobilis, microbial solvent tolerance, control of stress tolerance in bacterial host organisms, metabolomics for ethanologenic yeast, automated proteomics work cell systems for strain improvement, and unification of gene expression data for comparable analyses under stress conditions."