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"This research wants to find out the character and function of mamak (the maternal uncle) and ninik mamak (the adat chiefs) and also the background their depiction in Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemenakan by Marah Rusli. The theoretical framework which is applied in the research is sociology literature approach. The application of this theory in this research based on the point of view that literature is a social and cultural product that could be able to analysis with the social and cultural approach. Literary work, then, cannot be fully understood apart from the milieu or culture in which it was produced. It must be studied in the widest possible context. Every literary work is the result of a complex interaction of social an cultural factors.The conclusion of this research states that the depiction of mamak and ninik mamak of Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemenakan are different from the concept of them according to Minangkabau's custom. Mamak and Ninik mamak are two important elements in whole Minangkabau social structure. They have responsibility in daily life of their own matrilineal kinship group. They also have to respected to the adat regulation. In Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemenakan, mamak dan ninik mamak are depicted in the atmosphere conflict between those who wishes and disires to keep the tradition and those who wishes an improvement in apply of adat.The depiction of the character and the function of them is influenced by several factors. Firstly, the background of the writer. Marah Rusli came from the coastal lowland of Minangkabau (Rantau) which it has differentiation in social culture from the interior highland (Darat). Secondly, Sitti Nurbaya and Anak dan Kemanakan are published by Balai Pustaka which it had several clafication and wisdom in publishing literary work. Thirdly, the social history influences. The education aspect has a stimulating effect on awakening Indonesia young generation's consciousness in their life. Marah Rusli, one of the Indonesia young writer, was influenced by the time and his education and wishes an improvement in application of adat system in society."

"Penelitian ini membahas bagaimana penerapan nilai-nilai budaya Minangkabau terhadap kebudayaan material berupa masjid dan surau. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui keterkaitan budaya Minangkabau terhadap masjid dan surau yang diteliti, yaitu pada Surau Atok Ijuak, Surau Syekh Burhanuddin, Masjid Tuo Kayu Jao dan Masjid Asasi. Metode yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini adalah menggunakan metode penelitian arkeologi dari Sharer dan Ashmore yaitu formulasi, implementasi, pengumpulan data, pengolahan data, analisis, interpretasi dan publikasi. Penerapan nilai-nilai budaya Minangkabau dapat terlihat dari bangunannya mulai dari bagian kaki, badan, hingga atap serta pada ragam hiasnya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dapat diketahui bahwa pembangunan masjid dan surau yang ada di wilayah Kabupaten Padang Pariaman, Kabupaten Solok dan Kota Padang Panjang, Sumatera Barat, mempunyai nilai-nilai budaya Minangkabau yang diterapkan sesuai dengan kata-kata adatnya.

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This study discusses how the application of Minangkabau cultural values to material culture in the form of mosque and surau. This study aims to determine the linkage of Minangkabau culture to the mosques and suraus studied, namely Surau Atok Ijuak, Surau Syekh Burhanuddin, Tuo Kayu Jao Mosque and Asasi Mosque. The method used in this study are from Sharer and Ashmore, formulation, implementation, data gathering, data processing, analysis, interpretation and publication. Implementation of Minangkabau cultural values can be seen from the building starting from the lower, body, to the roof and on the variety of ornaments. Based on the results of the analysis can be seen that the construction of mosques and suraus that exist in the region of Padang Pariaman, Solok and Padang Panjang, West Sumatra, has Minangkabau cultural values that are applied in accordance with the tradition words."