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"Underlying the apparent diversity shown by the thousands of mutually incomprehensible languages of the world, there is a remarkable, elegant and principled unity in the way that these languages exploit the phonetic resources of speech. It is these principles that Professor Laver sets out to describe in this major new textbook. Assuming no previous knowledge of the subject, it is designed for readers who wish to pursue the study of phonetics from an initial to an advanced stage, equipping them with the necessary foundations for independent research. The classificatory model proposed unifies the description of linguistic, paralinguistic and certain extralinguistic aspects of speech production. The book moves from a presentation of general concepts to a total of eleven chapters on phonetic classification, and it includes discussion of other issues such as the relationship between phonetics and phonology, the nature of accent, dialect and language, and the description of voice quality and tone of voice. Every descriptive category is illustrated by words in phonetic transcription from over 500 of the world's languages. Principles of Phonetics will be required reading and an invaluable resource for all serious students and scholars of speech and language."

"Penelitian ini membahas analisis kesalahan pelafalan bunyi vokal bahasa Jerman yang dilakukan oleh anak-anak pada rumah singgah Cahaya Anak Negri pada saat pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Data yang diambil untuk penelitian ini menggunakan metode simak dengan bantuan teknik rekam menggunakan telepon genggam. Hasil dari rekaman tersebut ditranskrip menjadi tulisan fonetis dan kemudian dianalisis menggunakan teori fonetik serta teori kesalahan dari Rues dkk, Dieling dan Hirschfeld, serta Edge. Penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat beberapa responden yang melakukan kesalahan pelafalan bunyi vokal bahasa Jerman. Bunyi vokal yang dominan terjadi kesalahan pelafalan adalah bunyi pendek [ʏ], bunyi pendek [œ], dan bunyi [øː]. Kesalahan yang ditemukan berupa penghilangan bunyi, pergantian bunyi, dan penambahan bunyi vokal maupun konsonan lainnya. Berdasarkan hasil analisis tersebut, kesalahan yang dibuat oleh responden tergolong ke dalam Irrtümer atau errors, karena responden sudah mempelajarinya selama pembelajaran, tetapi tetap melakukan kesalahan. Ada pula faktor lain yang mendukung terjadinya kesalahan, yaitu perbedaan pada bunyi vokal bahasa Indonesia dan bahasa Jerman, salah satunya terletak pada kuantitas panjang dan pendek bunyi vokal serta grafemnya.

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This research discusses the analysis of German vowel pronunciation errors made by children from a shelter house called Cahaya Anak Negeri during learning sessions. This is qualitative research that uses a descriptive approach. The data taken for this research used the listening method and recording techniques with the help of a cell phone. The results of the recording were transcribed into phonetic writing style by the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and analyzed using phonetics and errors theory by Rues et al., Dieling Hirschfeld, as well as Edge. The results showed there are several respondents who make mistakes in the pronunciation of German vowels. The dominant vowel that mistakenly pronounces is a short sound of [ʏ], [œ], dan a long sound of [øː]. The errors were found in the form of omission of the vowel sounds, changes of the vowel sounds, and the addition of the vowel and consonant sounds. Based on the analysis results, the respondents made errors were an error called Irrtümer or error, where the respondents have learned the subject during classes, but still make mistakes. Some factors influence the occurrence of errors, namely the differences in Indonesian and German vowel sounds, one of which lies in the quantity of long and short vowel sounds and their graphemes."