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"The collapse of the Ottoman Empire was by no means a singular event. After six hundred years of ruling over the peoples of North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East, a series of wars, insurrections, and revolutions spanning the early twentieth century brought the sultanate to an end. This book encompasses a full accounting of the international political, economic, and social forces that prompted this climactic event in the making of the modern world. In surveying the many tragedies that transpired in the years between 1908 and 1922, this book particularly explores the causes that eventually led so many to view the legacy of the Ottomans with loathing and resentment. Fall of the Sultanate provides a retelling of this critical history as seen through the eyes of those who lived through the Ottoman collapse. Drawing upon a large gamut of sources in multiple languages, this book strikes a critical balance in presenting and interpreting the most impactful experiences that shaped the lives of the empires last generation. The story presented here takes into account the perspectives of the empires diverse population as well as the leaders who piloted the state to its end. In surveying the personal, communal, and national struggles that defined Italys invasion of Libya, the Balkan War, the Great War, and the Turkish War of Independence, Fall of the Sultanate presents readers with a fresh and comprehensive exposition of how and why Ottoman imperial rule ended in bloodshed and disillusionment."

""In the fourteenth century the Old World witnessed a series of profound and abrupt changes in the trajectory of long-established historical trends. Transcontinental networks of exchange fractured and an era of economic contraction and demographic decline dawned from which Latin Christendom would not begin to emerge until its voyages of discovery at the end of the fifteenth century. In a major new study of this 'Great Transition,' Bruce Campbell assesses the contributions of commercial recession, war, climate change, and eruption of the Black Death to a far-reaching reversal of fortunes from which no part of Eurasia was spared. The book synthesises a wealth of new historical, palaeo-ecological and biological evidence, including estimates of national income, reconstructions of past climates, and genetic analysis of DNA extracted from the teeth of plague victims, to provide a fresh account of the creation, collapse and realignment of Western Europe's late medieval commercial economy"-- Provided by publisher"

"ABSTRACTSkripsi ini akan membahas tentang peran Madrasah Nizamiyah sebagai soft power Kesultanan Seljuk. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah metode sejarah. Madrasah Nizamiyah merupakan sebuah institusi pendidikan tinggi yang didirikan oleh Nizam al-Mulk. Tujuan utama didirikannya Madrasah Nizamiyah adalah untuk menghalau hegemoni dan perkembangan Syi rsquo;ah di wilayah Kesultanan Seljuk. Madrasah Nizamiyah dijadikan sebagai perangkat untuk mempertahankan kekuasaan karena pada masa itu aktivitas intelektual Syi rsquo;ah sangat berkembang di masyarakat. Praktik yang demikian dikenal dengan istilah soft power. Nye 2004 mengatakan bahwa soft power adalah kemampuan untuk mendapatkan apa yang kita inginkan melalui attraction ketertarikan daripada paksaan ataupun bayaran. Soft power memiliki tiga soft power resources sumber soft power , yaitu budaya, nilai, dan kebijakan. Vuving 2009 mengatakan untuk menilai kekuatan suatu soft power, dapat menggunakan suatu teori yang dia sebut sebagai Soft Power Currencies. Soft power currencies mencakup tiga aspek, yaitu benignity kedermawanan, brilliance kecemerlangan, dan beauty keindahan. Dengan menggunakan teori tersebut, penulis menemukan empat pengaruh yang dihasilkan, yaitu 1 masyarakat turut serta dalam pengembangan fungsi perpustakaan Madrasah Nizamiyah sebagai tempat diskusi dan penelitian; 2 Madrasah Nizamiyah menjadi percontohan bentuk pendidikan tinggi bagi banyak institusi pendidikan tinggi di dunia Islam; 3 sistem pada Madrasah Nizamiyah menginspirasi konsep pendidikan tinggi di dunia Barat; 4 masyarakat sangat antusias belajar di Madrasah Nizamiyah. Bahkan, ada sebagian yang berpindah madzhab hanya demi belajar dan mengajar di Madrasah Nizamiyah. Dilihat dari empat pengaruh tersebut, Madrasah Nizamiyah telah berhasil menjalankan perannya sebagai soft power Kesultanan Seljuk untuk membuat pengaruh Syiah di wilayah Kesultanan Seljuk berkurang dan beralih ke pemahaman Sunni.

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ABSTRACTThis thesis focuses on the role of Madrasah Nizamiyah as soft power of Great Seljuk Empire. The method that used in this research is historical method. Madrasah Nizamiyah is an higher education institution which created by Nizam al Mulk. The main objective of Madrasah Nizamiyah is to drive away the hegemony and development of Shias doctrines. Madrasah Nizamiyah was used as a property to preserve Great Seljuk Empire rsquo s power because at that time Shia intelectual activities are growth well in societies. They were using soft power. Nye 2004 said that soft power is an ability to get what we want through attractions rather than coercion or payments. Soft power has three soft power resources, that are culture, value, and policy. Vuving 2009 said that if we want to measure the power of soft power, we can use a theory called Soft Power Currencies. Soft Power Currencies has three aspects, that are benignity, brilliance, and beuty. Analysing by this theory, I find four impressions by societies, 1 they contribute to develop the function library of Madrasah Nizamiyah become a discussion and research spot. 2 Madrasah Nizamiyah was becoming a figure of Islamic higher education institutions in Islamic world 3 Madrasah Nizamiyahs system was inspiring the higher education institutions concept in West 4 they are very enthusistic to learn in Madrasah Nizamiyah. According to that four impressions, Madrasah Nizamiyah has been successed as the soft power of Great Seljuk Empire to make Shi rsquo i hegemony drastically decreased and turn to Sunni."

"This neat little book takes 30 key incidents from his illustrious life to teach today's leaders how to be a great leader. Alexander was the incredible leader who became king when he was 20 years old. By 23, he had defeated his nation's greatest enemy, and by age 25, he had conquered 90 per cent of the known world creating an empire sprawling from Greece to India. This book shows mangers that if you can change the way you think about a problem, you can find a creative and successful solution."