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"Before me lies an essay of Mencken called The Democratic Citizen in the book Intellectual Alienation: In the 1920_a. It is a reference book for a lecture given by Dr. A. Wertheim on American intellectual and social history in 1978. It was through this single essay that I made an aquaintance with Mencken and he captured my fancy right away. In this first essay I was caught by the subject matter, his wide knowledge, clear sentences, strong argument, steadfast view. From here on, I wanted to know much more about H.D. Mencken; I wanted to learn about his life, his influence and his philosophy. Further probing into his works revealed many more things about him. His ideas on many subjects struck me as being unusual, especially his opinions on general ideas such as politicians, government and religion. These appeared to me frank, bold and original. Mencken as a person gives me an image of a unique, in_genious, intelligent, humorous, witty and tough individual. In my opinion he is worth introducing to the Indonesian audience. That presentation of his works may capture the typical_"

"A study at several geothermal systems in West Java,Indonesia shows that thermal waters could naturally contain up to 2.6 ppm As and 6.5 ppb Hg,and the survace hydrothermal alteration could contribute up to 50 ppm As and 800 ppb Hg...."

"EFFECTS OF CONCENTRATION, AND BODY SIZE ON THE BIOACCUMULATION OF MERCURY ON THE ARK COCKLES ANADARA ANTIQUATA. The kinetics of mercury bioaccumulation on the ark cockles Anadara antiquata were investigated by using radiotracer. An aquaria experiments applied to two groups of cockles, that were smaller (10-20mm) and bigger cockles (35-45 mm), three individuals each, with two replications. Four Hg2+ concentration (0.0025; 0.005; 0.01; and 0.02 μg.L-1) with 0.5 Bq.L-1 of 203Hg2+ were treated to both groups. The experiments of bioaccumulation lasted for 14 days, continued with 5 days depuration treatments. The observed variables were Bioconcentration Factor (BCF), uptake rates, efflux rates, contents of mercury in the body, and elimination rates of mercury. The models to predict BCF and elimination rates also had made. The results showed that Hg2+ bioaccumulation on smaller cockles was higher than bigger cockles. The increased of Hg2+ concentration in the water decreased the BCF on both groups. By the steady state of exposure period, the Bioconcentration Factor (BCF) of Hg was 775,532 on smaller cockles, and 378,708 on bigger cockles. The increased of Hg2+ concentration in the medium effected the increased ofHg2+ efflux rates, and Hg2+ contents in the body on both groups, but decreased the uptake rates on bigger cockles. There were no significant differences of Hg2+ retention percentage during depuration time on both groups."

"ABSTRAKKegiatan pertambangan emas skala kecil berdampak negatif pada aspek ekologi, sosial, dan ekonomi. Meski sudah dilakukan sosialisasi untuk menghentikan kegiatan tersebut, kegiatan penambangan emas skala kecil masih berlangsung. Penelitian bertujuan untuk: 1) menganalisis hubungan sikap, norma subyektif, dan persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku penambangan emas skala kecil, 2) menganalisis hubungan antara kebergantungan pada sumber daya tambang dan persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku, dan 3) merancang strategi komunikasi untuk sosialisasi bahaya merkuri. Data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara terstruktur dan wawancara mendalam. Hasil uji korelasi rank Spearman menunjukkan bahwa sikap dan norma subyektif berhubungan negatif dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku. Sebaliknya, persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku berhubungan positif dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku. Hanya sikap yang berhubungan nyata dengan intensi untuk mengubah perilaku. Tingkat kebergantungan pada sumber daya tambang berhubungan positif dengan persepsi tentang kemampuan mengubah perilaku. Strategi sosialisasi bahaya merkuri mencakup: 1) melibatkan berbagai pemangku kepentingan (pemerintah, tokoh masyarakat, perusahaan, akademisi) sebagai sumber pesan 2) menyampaikan pesan tentang sumber pencemaran, jalur pajanan, toksisitas merkuri serta valuasi ekonomi penggunaan merkuri, dan alternatif mata pencaharian lain, 3) memanfaatkan forum, media tercetak, dan media hibrida untuk penyampaian pesan, dan 4) melibatkan semua kalangan masyarakat sebagai penerima pesan

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ABSTRACTSmall-scale gold mining give a negative impact in the aspect of ecology, social, and economy. Although some socialization aims to stop the activities had been employed, small scale mining activities still exist. Aims of the research: 1) analyzing the relation between attitude, subjective norm, and perceived ability to change behavior with the intention to change the behavior of the small-scale gold mining, 2) analyzing the relation between mine dependence with perceived ability to change behavior, 3) designing communication strategy in socializing mercury hazard. The data are collected by doing the structured and in-depth interview. The result of rank Spearman correlation test showed that attitude and subjective norm related nagatively with the intention to change behavior. On the contrary, perceived ability to change behavior related positively with the intention. Attitude is the only aspect that have signifficant relation with the intention to change behavior. The mine dependence related with the perceived ability to change behavior. The strategies of mercury hazard socialization: 1) involving the stakeholder (e.g. government, local public figure, the mining company, and academician) as sources of messages, 2) informing the source of pollution, exposure, mercury toxicity and economic valuation of mercury usage, and the living source alternative, 3) using forum, printed media, hybrid media in socializing, and 4) involving the community as the receiver.;"

"Pengaruh menghirup merkuri pada sel otak and efek ektrak teh hijau sebagai antioksidan. Merkuri dikenal sebagai metal yang toksik, dapat membentuk radikal bebas yang merangsang terjadinya stres oksidatif yang menyebabkan berbagai kelainan seperti kelainan otak. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengindentifikasi pengaruh dari menghirup merkuri terhadap sel otak serta pengaruh ekstrak teh hijau (Camellia sinensis) sebagai antioksidan terhadap sel otak yang terpapar merkuri. Metode: Sampel penelitian ini adalah 48 Mus musculus jantanyang dibagi menjadi 8 grup yang diberi perlakuan selama 3 dan 6 minggu. Grup A merupakan kontrol negatif tanpa perlakuan. Grup B merupakan kontrol positif yang diberi perlakuan dengan merkuri. Grup C diberikan perlakuan dengan merkuri dan 26µg/g ekstrak teh hijau. Grup D diberi perlakuan merkuri dan 52µg/g ekstrak teh hijau. Seluruh mencit pada grup B, C, dan D diberikan perlakuan merkuri secara inhalasi selama 4 jam/hari. Selanjutnya dilakukan pemeriksaan histopatologi untuk mengevaluasi efek merkuri serta efek antioksidan dari ekstrak teh hijau. Hasil: Jumlah sel otak yang nekrotik lebih sedikit pada kelompok yang diberikan ekstrak teh hijau dibandingkan dengan kelompok yang tidak menerima ekstrak teh hijau. Perbedaan ini bermakna secara statistik (p<0,05). Simpulan: Menghirup merkuri menyebabkan nekrosis sel otak. Pemberian ekstrak teh hijau menurunkan jumlah sel nekrotik pada mencit yang telah terpapar merkuri.

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Mercury is a wellknown toxic metal that is capable to induce free radical-induced oxidative stress. It can cause human disease including brain disorders. Objective: To identify the effect of mercury vapor inhalation on brain cells and the role of green tea extract (Camellia sinensis) as antioxidant on the brain cells exposed to mercury. Methods: Fourty-eight male Mus musculus were divided into 8 groups, which were given treatment for 3 and 6 weeks. Group A did not receive any treatment and served as a negative control. Group B was a positive control exposed to Mercury. Group C was exposed to Mercury and treated with 26µg/g green tea extract. Group D was exposed to mercury and treated with 52µg/g green tea extract. All animals in the Group B, C, D were exposed to mercury through inhalation for 4 hours daily. The effect of mercury on the brain cells were examined histopathologically. Results: The numbers of necrotic cells counted in the green tea-treated mice group were significantly lower than those untreated group (p<0,05). Conclusion: Mercury vapor inhalation may cause necrosis on brain cells. Administration of green tea extract as an antioxidant reduced the amount of mercury-induced necrotic brain cells in mice."

"Delesi GSTT1 dan GSTM1 mempengaruhi detoksifikasi xenobiotik seperti merkuri dari dalam tubuh. Amalgam merupakan salah satu sumber paparan merkuri pada tubuh manusia.Tujuan : mengetahui pola distribusi sebaran genotip delesi GSTT1 dan GSTM1 pada populasi Indonesia, menganalisis perbedaan kadar merkuri dalam urin antara subjek dengan dan tanpa amalgam serta keterkaitan antara delesi gen dengan merkuri dari amalgam serta jeniskelamin.Metode : Cross-sectional, 264 ekstrak DNA, 50 sampel urin sebagai subjek penelitian.Hasil dan Kesimpulan : Frekuensi delesi GSTT1 lebih besar dibandingkan GSTM1 pada populasi Indonesia. Tidak terdapat hubungan antara delesi gen dengan kadar merkuri serta jenis kelamin.

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Background : GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion affected xenobiotic detoxification such as mercury from inside the body. Amalgam is one source of mercury exposure on the human body.

Aim : To describe the distribution pattern of of GSTT1 and GSTM1 deletion on the Indonesian population, analyze the differences in urinary mercury levels between subjects with and without amalgam and also the relationship between gene deletions with amalgam?s mercury and gender.

Methods : Cross-sectional study. 264 DNA extracts, 50 urine samples as a research subjects.

Results and Summary : The GSTT1 deletion frequency is bigger than GSTM1 on the Indonesian population. There was no correlation between gene deletions with mercury levels and gender."

"Wilayah pesisir merupakan salah satu bagian dari sumberdaya alam yang paling mudah terkena dampak kegiatan manusia. Kegiatan pembangunan di wilayah tersebut secara langsung maupun tidak langsung memberikan dampak merugikan. Ekosistem mangrove yang termasuk dalam wilayah pesisir dan pertambangan emas yang menggunakan merkuri sebagai salah satu aktivitas pemenuhan kebutuhan hidup manusia adalah komponen lingkungan yang menjadi topik utama penelitan ini.Pertambangan emas di Sulawesi Utara beberapa tahun terakhir ini mengalami perkembangan yang sangat pesat. Salah satu daerah yang menjadi pusat kegiatan penambangan tersebut adalah Kecamatan Ratatotok, di mana terdapat penambang emas berskala besar dan kecil, yaitu PT. Newmont Minahasa Raya dan penambang tradisional tanpa izin. Penambangan emas yang dilakukan oleh penduduk setempat masih menggunakan cara tradisional. Merkuri digunakan pada proses ekstraksi emas dan sisa pengolahan yang tidak terpakai lagi langsung dibuang ke Sungai Totok yang bermuara di Teluk Totok. Ekosistem pesisir, khususnya ekosistem mangrove dan pertambangan emas berskala kecil merupakan dua hal penting bagi penduduk yang berada di Kecamatan Ratatotok. Oleh karena itu, perlu diperhatikan keseimbangan keduanya agar tidak merugikan penduduk setempat, salah satunya mengembangkan penelitian yang menunjang, mengenai kemampuan absorpsi atau penyerapan logam berat khususnya merkuri pada ekosistem mangrove. Adapun lokasi yang dipilih untuk penelitian ini adalah ekosistem mangrove di Desa Ratatotok Timur, Kecamatan Ratatotok, Kabupaten Minahasa Selatan Provinsi Sulawesi Utara.Permasalahan yang diangkat dalam penelitian ini adalah peran ekosistem mangrove dalam mengabsorpsi logam berat merkuri yang akan memasuki perairan laut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah: 1) Menganalisis konsentrasi merkuri pada air, sedimen, tumbuhan (akar dan daun) dan biota yang berada di ekosistem mangrove; 2) Mengetahui peran ekosistem mangrove dalam menyerap merkuri, terutama dalam hubungannya dengan sungai dan laut (khususnya pada air dan sedimen di ketiga lokasi). Bagian dari tumbuhan yang dijadikan sampel pada ekosistem mangrove adalah akar dan daun dari Rhizophora sp. dan Avicennia sp., dan biota (bivalvia: Polymesoda coaxans dan gastropoda: Telescopium mauritsi, T. telescoplum, Terebralia palustris) yang berasosiasi dan berada di sekitar tumbuhan tersebut. Data primer didapat dari analisis kandungan merkuri Spektrofotometer Serapan Atom (SSA) tanpa nyala, sedangkan data yang dihasilkan dari analisis laboratorium akan dianalisis secara statistik menggunakan Uji Kruskal-Wallis dan Man-Whitney Test.Pada ekosistem mangrove di Desa Ratatotok Timur, konsentrasi merkuri berturut-turut yang paling tinggi hingga yang paling rendah adalah biota, daun, sedimen, akar, air. Adapun kisaran konsentrasinya adalah sebagai berikut: biota (0,149-1,913 mg/kg), daun (0,086-0,121 mg/kg), sedimen (0,014-1,699 mg/kg) dan akar (0,008-0,018 mg/kg). Sedangkan dalam hubungannya dengan sungai dan laut (Sungai Totok dan Teluk Totok), ekosistem mangrove di Desa Ratatotok Timur tidak berperan dalam menyerap merkuri (khususnya pada air dan sedimen di ketiga lokasi). Konsentrasi merkuri pada sedimen berturut-turut dari yang tertinggi hingga terendah adalah di laut/Teluk Totok (1,147-19,549 mg/kg); di Sungai Totok (0,119-9,249 mg/kg); dan di ekosistem mangrove ((0,014-1,699 mg/kg). Sedangkan air, yang tertinggi ekosistem mangrove (1 μg/L), Sungai Totok (kurang dari 1-1 μg/L) dan Laut/Teluk Totok kurang dari 1 μg/L.Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa biota merupakan komponen pada ekosistem mangrove yang menyerap atau mengabsorpsi merkuri paling banyak, diikuti oleh daun, sedimen, akar dan air. Merkuri yang terdapat pada ekosistem mangrove masuk melalui pasang surut air laut serta melalui deposisi dari atmosfer. Maka, ekosistem mangrove di Desa Ratatotok Timur tidak berperan dalam menyerap atau mengabsorpsi merkuri, karena masukan merkuri yang berasal dari sungai tidak secara langsung masuk ke dalam ekosistem mangrove melainkan terus ke laut.Berdasarkan kesimpulan dari penelitian ini, maka dapat diberikan beberapa saran untuk dijadikan pertimbangan yaitu: perlunya penelitian lanjutan untuk melihat dampak merkuri dalam jaringan, baik pada tumbuhan mangrove maupun pada biota lain. Selain itu, bagi masyarakat yang berada di lokasi penelitian agar mendapatkan informasi yang cukup mengenai merkuri dan bahayanya dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.

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Coastal regions are among the natural resources most vulnerable to the effect of human activities. Development activities in a coastal region will directly or indirectly affect the environment in a harmful way. The mangrove ecosystem of the coastal area and gold mining utilizing mercury - a means of livelihood for the population - are the environmental components focused in this research.

Gold mining in North Sulawesi has developed rapidly in the past few years. Ne of the areas that became the centre for the mining activities is located in Ratatotok Sub regency, where PT. Newmont Minahasa Raya and illegal traditional miners conduct large and small-scale mining operations. Mining by the local population is still performed through traditional means. Mercury is used at the extraction process and the unneeded waste directly disposed into the Totok River, which flows to the Totok Bay. The coastal ecosystem, in particular the mangrove ecosystem and small-scale gold mining are two essential factors for the Ratatotok population. Consequently, consideration must be given o the proper balance between these two factors to prevent damage to the local population, one of which is by conducting a research to determine the ability of the mangrove ecosystem to absorb heavy metals, in particular mercury. The location chosen for this research is the mangrove ecosystem at the East Ratatotok village, Ratatotok Subregency, South Minahasa Regency, North Sulawesi.

The main problem addressed in this research I the functional extent the mangrove in absorbing mercury heavy metals flowing to the sea. This research aims to: 1) Analyze the concentration of mercury in the water, sediments, plants (roots and leaves) and biota found in the mangrove ecosystem; 2) To determine the function of the mercury in the function of the mangrove ecosystem in absorbing mercury, mainly relating to the river and sea (in particular in the water and sediment at the three locations). Parts of the plants taken as sample from the mangrove ecosystem are the roots and leaves of Rhizophora mucronata and Avicennia marina, while biota associated and found around the surrounding plants are bivalvia: Polymesoda coaxans and gastropoda: Telescopium mauritsi, T. telescopium, Terebralia pallustris. Primary data are obtained from the mercury concentration analysis using nameless Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (SSA), while laboratory analysis values will be statistically analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis and Man-Whitney Test.

At the East Ratatotok mangrove ecosystem, the highest to the lowest levels of concentration of mercury are respectively biota, leave, sediment, roots, water. The range of concentration is as follows: biota (0,149-1,913 mg/kg), leaves (0,086-0,121 mg/kg), sediment (0,014.1,699 mg/kg) and roots (0,008-0,018 mg/kg). While in connection with mercury concentrations of the river and sea (Totok River and Totok Bay), the mangrove ecosystem in East Ratatotok village in East Ratatotok village has no function in absorbing mercury (specifically in water and sediment at the three locations). Mercury concentrations found in sediment by order of high to low levels: Totok Bay (1,147-19,549 mg/kg), Totok River (0,119-9,249 mg/kg) and mangrove ecosystem ((0,014-1,699 mg/kg). While mercury concentrations in water are: mangrove ecosystem (1 μg/L), Totok River (less than 1-1 μg/L) and Teluk Totok (less than 1 μg/L).

Based on the research result, biota is the component in the mangrove ecosystem with the highest mercury absorption ability, followed by leaves, sediment, roots and water. The mercury found in the mangrove ecosystem entered trough the tidal waters of the sea, and through deposits from the atmosphere. Hence the mangrove ecosystem in East Ratatotok village does not function in the absorption of mercury problem of the area, as the source of mercury from the river does not directly enter the mangrove ecosystem, but flows directly to the sea.

Based on the research findings, several suggestions can be forwarded for consideration, which are: a further research is required to study the effects of mercury in tissues, in the mangrove plants as well as in other biota. In addition, adequate information should be made available to the population living in the research area, so that they obtain knowledge on mercury and its hazards to daily life."