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"Various solubilization techniques have been developed to enhance the bioavailability of hydrophobic drugs. One of the solubilization techniques is preparation of microemulsion. Microemulsion is a potential carrier in drug delivery system because it has many advantageous characteristics. In this research, hydrophobic drug wasmade in a dosage form of oil in water (O/W) microemulsion using ketoprofen as a model and investigated the influence of adding starch hydrolisates with dextrose equivalent (DE) 35-40 in variety concentrations (0,0%; 1,5%; 2,0%; 2,5%) to the stabilityof this microemulsion system. This microemulsion consisted of isopropyl miritate as oil phase, tween 80 and lechitin as surfactants, ethanol as cosurfactant, propylene glycol as cosolvent, starch hydrolisates DE 35?40 as stabilizer, and water as externalphase. The evaluation was stability test both phisically and chemically. The result showed that the stability of microemulsion system increased significantly by adding starch hydrolisates DE 35-40 at 2,5%."

"Liposom sebagai pembawa obat (drug carrier) merupakan salah satu produk teknologi nano yang sedang dikembangkan untuk meningkatkan efektivitas obat, menurunkan efek sampingnya serta meningkatkan keamanannya jika digunakan dalam jangka panjang. Liposom dapat dibuat dari berbagai komponen lipid, misalnya kombinasi lesitin dan tetraeter lipid (TEL). Kombinasi lesitin dan TEL merupakan komposisi yang belum pernah diuji tentang stabilitas secara kimia baik in vitro maupun in vivo. Liposom ini mengandung lesitin/fosfatidilkolin kuning telur (egg yolk phosphatidyl choline) dan TEL (tetra eter lipid) 2,5 mol % dari Thermoplasma acidophilum. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji stabilitas liposom EPC-TEL2,5 yang telah disonikasi dan diberikan larutan NaCl dan MgCl2. Parameter yang dilihat adalah ukuran diameter liposom ≤ 100 nm dan >100 nm. Liposom di katakan stabil bila ukuran diameter tidak berubah jumlahnya setelah pemaparan larutan NaCl dan MgCl2 dari waktu ke waktu. Hasil dan Kesimpulan : tidak stabilnya liposom EPC TEL 2,5 % berdiamer ≤ 100 dan > 100 yang telah disonikasi dan diberikan lautan NaCl PH7 dan MgCl2 PH7 dari waktu ke waktu.

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In Vitro stability test of tetra eter lipid liposome (EPC-TEL 2,5) as new formulation drug carrier with sonication method and addition of NaCl PH 7 and MgCl2 PH 7 350 mOsmol. Liposome as a drug carrier is one of the nanotechnology products which is now being developed to increase drug effectivity, to decrease drug adverse effects, and to increase its safety in long term use. Liposome can be made from lipid components, such as combination between lecithin and tetraeter lipid (TEL) . The newest combination was made from egg yolk phosphatidylcholine and TEL 2,5 mol% from Thermoplasma acidophilum and named EPC-TEL 2,5. This combination has never been tested before, especially its chemical stability (in vitro and in vivo). This research main purpose is to test liposom EPC-TEL2,5 stability after it given sonication and exposed with Nacl and MgCl2. The Object to analyze is only liposome with ≤ 100 nm dan >100 nm diameter. It will be clasified as stable if the diameter doesn't change or change with specific scale after exposed with NaCl and MgCl2 from time to time. Conclusion: liposome that has > 100 nm and liposome that has ≤ 100 nm diameter after it given sonication and exposed with Nacl and MgCl2 is not stable from time to time."

"Telah dikaji pengaruh kelembaban terhadap sifat optik film gelatin yang dibuat dengan teknik casting melalui proses sol-gel. Film gelatin dikaji sifat optiknya terhadap perlakuan variasi kondisi kelembaban. Respon optik yang diamati berupa transmisi dan absorpsi optik pada spektrum cahaya tampak yang diperoleh dari spektrofotometer UV-Vis (Ultraviolet ? Visible). Hasil pengukuran transmisi dan perhitungan absorpsi optik memperlihatkan bahwa respon optik film gelatin berada pada pita cahaya tampak yang lebar dalam rentang 530 ? 680 nm, dengan respon cukup nyata pada pita spektrum 580 ? 650 nm. Perlakuan kelembaban berbeda memberikan perubahan karakteristik optik yang signifikan, yaitu spektrum transmitansi dan absorbansi optik film gelatin berubah terhadap perubahan kelembaban. Intensitas transmitansi optik film gelatin naik terhadap kenaikan kelembaban pada selang 580 ? 650 nm, sebaliknya spektrum absorbansi optiknya turun terhadap kenaikan kelembaban pada selang tersebut. Kurva intensitas transmisi dan absorpsi optik terhadap variasi kelembaban dari 37%RH hingga 99%RH pada 610 nm memperlihatkan lineritas yang cukup baik. Dua sampel film gelatin yang diuji memperlihatkan karakteristik yang sama.

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Humidity Dependence of Optical Properties of Gelatin Films. Humidity dependence of optical properties of gelatin films prepared by casting technique has been investigated. Gelatin films was investigated its optical properties to varied humidity condition. Optical responses investigated are optical transmission and absorption at visible light spectrum measured utilizing a UV-Vis (Ultraviolet ? Visible) spectrophotometer. The results of optical transmittance and absorbance obtained shows an optical response of gelatin films in widely visible light spectrum within range 530 ? 680 nm, with most clearly response in a spectrum band in 580 ? 650 nm. Different humidity treatment cause a significantly change of optical characteristics, that is the transmittance and absorbance change in to humidity. Transmittance of gelatin films increase with increasing humidity in a range 580 ? 650 nm, in contrast with absorbance that is decrease with increasing humidity. Plot of transmission and absorption intensity with varied humidity from 37%RH to 99%RH at 610 nm exhibited a good linearity. Two samples showed same characteristics."

"Niosomes are non ionic surfactant vesicles that have potential application in the delivery of hydrophobic or amphilic drugs. We developed proniosomes, a dry formulation using a maltodextrin as a carrier coated with non ionic surfactant, which can be used to produce niosomes within a minutes by addition of hot waterfollowed by agitation. A novel method is reported here for rapid preparation of proniosomes with wide range of surfactant loading. Maltodextrin DE 5-10 was hidrolyzed from tapioca starch using Thermamyl L 120 da Novo at 85o C. The result from SEM analyses shown that proniosomes appear very similar to the maltodextrin, but the surface was more smooth. Niosome suspensions which was observed under the optical microscopy and particle size analyzer were evaluated asdrug carrier using ibuprofen as a model. The result provide an indication of maltodextrin DE 5-10 from tapioca starch are potentialy carrier in the proniosome preparation which can be used for producing niosomes. "

"Liposom merupakan suatu sistem pembawa obat berbentuk vesikel yang dapat mengenkapsulasi siprofloksasin HCl dan berpotensi untuk memgatasi infeksi yang disebabkan oleh bakteri Multidrug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat liposom siprofloksasin HCl unilamellar yang steril dengan metode sterilisasi filtrasi. Metode hidrasi lapis tipis yang digunakan akan menghasilkan liposom Multilamellar Vesicle (MLV). Liposom MLV yang dihasilkan dilakukan pengecilan ukuran partikel secara ekstrusi melewati membran polikarbonat 0,45 μm sebanyak 1 siklus dan disterilisasi secara filtrasi dengan membran selulosa asetat 0,22 μm sebanyak 5 siklus untuk mendapatkan liposom unilamellar yang kecil. Suspensi liposom steril yang didapat kemudian dipisahkan secara sentrifugasi dandiuji sterilitasnya pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah. Efisiensi penjerapan liposom menurun seiring dengan proses ekstrusi melewati membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dimana mengalami penurunan efisiensi penjerapan berturut-turut sebesar 71,46%, 33,94%, 30,37% pada liposom formula I dan liposom formula II sebesar 90,96%, 44,83%, 36,11%. Proses ekstrusi dengan membran 0,45 μm dan 0,22 μm dapat menghasilkan ukuran liposom yang kecil, namun belum dapat menyerupai ukuran pori membran. Selain itu, penambahan asam oleat cenderung meningkatkan ukuran diameter liposom. Liposom siprofloksasin HCl yang dihasilkan terbukti tidak steril setelah diujikan pada medium tioglikolat cair dan plat agar darah.

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Liposome is a vesicular drug delivery system that able to encapsulate ciprofloxacin HCl, and have potential to cure an infection that caused by Multi Drug Resistance Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. This study aimed to produce sterile and unilamellar ciprofloxacin HCl liposome usingfiltration sterilization method. Thin-film hydration method will be use to produce Multilamellar Liposome Vesicle (MLV). Later, the MLV liposome, will going through a particle size reduction using extrusion method through polycarbonate membrane (pore size 0.45 μm) for 1 cycle and being sterilized by filtration through cellulose acetate membrane (pore size 0.22 μm) for five cycles to get the small unilamellar liposome. The sterile liposome suspension is separated using centrifugation method and its sterilities will be test on medium thioglychollate fluid and blood agar plate. The entrapment efficiency of liposome decrease along the extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane, of which the entrapment efficiency decreased respectively by 71.46%, 33.94%, 30.37% for formula I and 90.96%, 44.83%, 36.11% for formula II. The extrusion process through 0.45 μm and 0.22 μm membrane can produce the small size liposome, but still can not reach the average diameter of membrane pore size. Moreover, mostly the addition of oleic acid will increase the diameter size of liposome. Ciprofloxacin HCl liposome is proved to be unsterile according to the sterility test in fluid thioglycollate medium and blood agar plate."