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"Pada penelitian ini, nanokomposit clay-epoxy menggunakan Organo clay Nanomer I30E, epoxy resin DER 331 dan curing agent Versamid 125 disintesa dengan metode in situ polimerization. Sebagai pembanding, komposit serat gelas-epoxy menggunakan serat gelas komersial dan epoxy resin dan curing agent yang sama disintesa dengan metode wet laminating.Karakterisasi struktur internal dan permukaan fracture, yang masing-masing menggunakan XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) dan SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope), menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit telah berhasil disintesa. Nanokomposit memiliki struktur eksfoliasi pada komposisi clay <7.34 (% berat) dan struktur eksfoliasi dan interkalasi pada komposisi clay ≥ 7.34 (% berat). Nanokomposit dengan komposisi clay 2.10 (% berat) terdiri dari fasa epoxy dan fasa aglomerasi clay dan memiliki tanda fracture berbentuk kerucut.Hasil uji tarik, tekan dan kekerasan menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit, yang disintesa dengan teknik pencampuran DM (Direct Mixing), tidak layak digunakan untuk aplikasi struktural pada pesawat terbang menggantikan komposit serat gelas-epoxy. Hasil uji tarik menunjukkan nanokomposit yang terbentuk memiliki perilaku yang sama dengan komposit particulate epoxy, yaitu tensile strength yang mengalami penurunan seiring dengan penambahan komposisi clay. Hasil uji tekan dan kekerasan masing-masing menunjukkan yield compression strength yang tidak mengalami perubahan dan kekerasan mengalami sedikit peningkatan, yang tidak tergantung pada komposisi clay, seiring dengan penambahan komposisi clay.

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In this observation, clay-epoxy nanocomposites using Nanomer I30E organo clay, DER 331 epoxy resin and Versamid 125 curing agent were synthesized with an in-situ polimerization method. As comparison, fiberglass-epoxy composites using commercial fiber glass and the same epoxy resin and curing agent were synthesized with wet laminating method.

Characterization of internal structure and fracture morphology, using XRD (X-Ray Diffraction) and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) respectively, showed that nanocomposites had been successfully synthesized. Nanocomposites owned an exfoliated structure at clay composition <7.34 (% weight) and a mixture of exfoliated and intercalated structure at clay composition >7.34 (% weight). The nanocomposite with clay composition 2.10 (% weight) consisted of epoxy fase and clay agglomerates fase and owned cone shape fracture markings.

The results of tensile, compression and hardness testings showed that nanocomposites, synthesized using DM (Direct Mixing) dispersion technique, was found not suitable for structural application in aircraft replacing fiberglass-epoxy composite. The result of tensile testing showed nanocomposite formed owned similar behavior to particulateepoxy composite, where the tensile strength experienced decrease as clay composition was increased. The results of compression and hardness testings showed that yield compression strength didn’t experience change and hardness experienced few increases, which was not affected by clay’s composition, as clay's composition increased."

"Pembuatan material komposit bermatriks Aluminium seri 6061 (Al-Mg-Si) berpenguatan nano partikel SiC memberikan peningkatan sifat mekanis. Penggunaan penguat berukuran nano meningkatkan kekuatan tanpa menurunkan nilai keuletan komposit secara signifikan.Pada penelitian ini, penambahan fraksi volume dari nano partikel SiC sebesar 0,05%, 0,10%, 0,15%, 0,20% dan 0,30% dilakukan untuk mengetahui titik optimal penambahan penguat. Penambahan Magnesium sebesar 10 wt.% dilakukan untuk menghasilkan pembasahan yang baik antara matriks dan penguatnya. Penambahan Stronsium sebesar 0,02 wt.% sebagai modifier dilakukan untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanis komposit.Hasil yang didapatkan, kekuatan tarik dan elongasi memiliki nilai optimum pada penambahan nano partikel SiC sebesar 0,10% dengan nilai mencapai 246,51 MPa dan 9%. Sedangkan nilai kekerasan dan harga impak memiliki nilai optimum pada penambahan nano partikel SiC sebanyak 0,30%. Persentase porositas meningkat seiring dengan peningkatannya volume fraksi nano partikel.

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The manufacturer of materials composite Aluminum series 6061 (Al-Mg-Si) with addition nano-particles SiC provide reinforcement of improved mechanical properties. The use of nano-sized reinforcement increases the strength without reducing ductility values significantly.

In this study, addition of nano-particles volume fraction in the amount of SiC 0,05 %, 0,10 %, 0,15 %, 0,20 %, and 0,30 % were used in order to know the optimum volume fraction. Magnesium 10 vol.% were used as wetting agent to increase wettability between matrix and its reinforcement. Strontium 0,02 vol.% were used as modifier to increase mechanical properties of materials composite.

As the result, the ultimate tensile strength and elongation has the optimum value in addition of nano-particles volume fraction in the amount of SiC 0,10 % with value up to 246,51 MPa and 9%. However, hardness value and impact properties has the optimum value in addition of nano-particles volume fraction in the amount of SiC 0,30 %. The porosity percent tends to increase along with the increase of nano-particles volume fraction."

"Pencemaran lingkungan adalah salah satu masalah serius disebabkan pembuangan limbah berbahaya dan beracun dari industri–industri yang tidak teregulasi. Salah satu material yang banyak digunakan sebagai zat warna adalah sunset yellow pada industri tekstil yang berdampak buruk, menyebabkan risiko kesehatan seperti depresi, kerusakan ginjal, kerusakan hati, dan kanker. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan sintesis nanokomposit Nanochitosan/Fe₃O₄−SrSnO₃ untuk mendegradasi zat warna sunset yellow. Nankomposit Nanochitosan/Fe₃O₄−SrSnO₃ dikarakterisasi dengan Fourier–transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible (UV–Vis), X–ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high–resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) dan ultraviolet visible–diffuse reflectance (UV–DRS). Pengaruh Fe₃O₄ terhadap sisi aktif SrSnO₃ telah dipelajari dan energi celah pita dari SrSnO₃ menjadi 2,4 eV dengan komposisi Fe₃O₄/SrSnO₃ (3:1) dengan persen degradasi sebesar 88,45% . Nanochitosan ditambahkan sebagai support meningkatkan aktivitas dari nanokomposit Fe₃O₄−SrSnO₃ dengan persen dgradasi 97,42%. Nanokomposit yang optimal yang digunakan untuk analisis kinetika reaksi dan isoterm adsorpsi adalah dengan kondisi massa 0,04 gram, pH 10, dan waktu selama 75 menit. Kinetika reaksi mengikuti psuedo first order dengan konstanta laju reaksi 0,058 dan sesuai dengan isoterm adsorpsi Langmuir

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Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems caused by the disposal of hazardous and toxic waste from unregulated industries. One material that is widely used as a dye is sunset yellow in the textile industry which has adverse effects, causing health risks such as depression, kidney damage, liver damage, and cancer. In this study, Nanochitosan/ Fe₃O₄−SrSnO₃ nanocomposite has been synthesized to degrade sunset yellow dye. Nanochitosan/ Fe₃O₄−SrSnO₃ nanocomposites were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and ultraviolet visible-diffuse reflectance (UV-DRS). The effect of Fe3O4 on the active side of SrSnO₃ was studied and the band gap energy of SrSnO₃ became 2.4 eV with Fe₃O₄/SrSnO₃ composition (3:1) with a percent degradation of 88.45%. Nanochitosan added as support increases the activity of Fe₃O₄−SrSnO₃ nanocomposite with 97.42% degradation percent. The optimal nanocomposite used for the analysis of reaction kinetics and adsorption isotherms was with a mass condition of 0.04 grams, pH 10, and time for 75 minutes. The reaction kinetics followed first order psuedo with a reaction rate constant of 0.058 and fit the Langmuir adsorption isotherm."

"Nanokomposit polimer merupakan bahan yang terdiri dari paduan polimer dan partikel-partikel pendispersi dengan ukuran nanometer, misalnya partikel clay. Nanokomposit memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan dengan komposit konvesional diantaranya, modulus , kekuatan, dan hambatan panasnya lebih tinggi . Agar clay terdispersi di dalam polimer, maka reaksi pertukaran ion harus dilakukan pada clay agar permukaan clay kompatibel dengan polimer sehingga memudahkan bagi molekul polimer masuk di antara lapisan clay tersebut.Metode pembuatan nanokomposit berbasis polypropylene (PP) dalam penelitian ini adalah pencampuran langsung polypropylene ( PP ) dengan Organo Layered Silicate (OLS) dan Polipropylene grafted Maleic Anhydride ( PP-g-MA ) dengan menggunakan twin screw extruder.Hasil XRD dan TEM, dari nanokomposit polypropylene - clay menunjukkan bahwa bahan mempunyai struktur eksfoliasi dan interkalasi. Struktur eksfoliasi diperoleh pada sampel PP - OLS I.44 PT yang mengalami satu kali ekstrusi pada 100 rpm. Sampel ini menunjukkan kenaikan kuat tarik dan HDT masing-masing sebesar 7,36% dan 30,06% terhadap PP murni. Sampel dengan dua kali ekstrusi memiliki kenaikan modulus elastisitas sebesar 41.19% dan HDT sebesar 29,38%.

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Polimer nanocomposites are materials that are formed by polimer and dispersed particles in nanometer size, such as clay particles. Polimer nanocomposites have better properties, such as modulus, strength, and heat recistance, compared to the conventional composites. In order to make the clay particles disperse within the polimer, a cation exchange reaction must be done on the clay surface so that the polimer moleculer one able to get into space between the layers.

In tha research, polypropylene based nanocomposites were prepared by a direct mixing with polypropylene (PP) with organo layered silicate (OLS) and polypropylene grafted Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA) using a twin-screw extruder.

The XRD and TEM analysis from this PP-clay nanocomposites showed that an exfoliated and an intercalted structures were formed. Exfolition structure was found on the PP-OLS I.44 PT samples which wereprepared by one time extrusion on a 100 rpm. These sample show on increasis on tensile strength and HDT of 7,36% and 30,06% respectively compared to pristine PP.Two times extrution on the samples result on the increasing of elastic modulus by 41,19% and HDT by 29,38%."

"Nanokomposit polimer-clay merupakan bahan dengan matrik polimer yang diperkuat dengan nanofiller seperti lapisan silika. Pada penelitian ini pembuatan nanokomposit diawali dengan pembuatan masterbatch organo clay dengan penggunaan pelarut kemudian dicampur dengan polimer. Masterbatch dalam penelitian ini dihasilkan dari pencampuran Organo Layered Silicate (OLS), Ethylene Glycol, dan Polypropylene grafted maleic An hydride (PP-g-MA). Pembuatan nanokomposit polipropilen clay dilakukan di dalam mesin Rheomex (twin screw extruder) dengan mencampur masterbatch dan PP. Pengujian material yang dilakukan adalah pengujian XRD, TEM, HDT, dan uji tarik. Hasil yang diperoleh pada pengukuran HDT menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 22 % pada komposit OLS Nanomer I.44PT dibanding dengan nilai HDT PP murni. Modulus elastisitas menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 36 % pada komposit OLS DTDA dibanding dengan PP murni.

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Polimer - clay nanocomposite is a material with a polimer matrix which is toughened by nanofiller such as silica particles. In this research,, nanocomposite was prepared from the production of organoclay masterbatch through a mixture of a solvent and a polymer. The masterbatch were produced from a mixture of organo layered silicate (OLS), Ethylene Glycol, and Polypropylene grafted maleic An hydride (PP-g-MA). The production of PP clay nanocomposite was done in Rheomex machine (twin screw extruder) by mixing the masterbatch and PP. The materials evaluated were using XRD, TEM, HDT, and tensile test. The results of HDT measurement showed that the OLS Nanomer composites were 22 % higher compared to the pristine PP. The modulus of elasticity of OLS ? DTDA composites increased 36 % compared to the pristine PP."

"Nanokomposit Perak, Titanium dioksida, dan Mangan (II,III) oksida (Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4) dengan berbagai rasio molar telah disintesis menggunakan metode hidrotermal. Pengukuran difraksi sinar-X (XRD) mengkonfirmasi struktur nanokomposit Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 yang terdiri dari struktur kubik Ag, TiO2 anatase, dan Mn3O4 tetragonal. Rasio komposisi unsur nanokomposit Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 diselidiki dengan fluoresensi sinar-X (XRF). Efek sinergis Ag, TiO2 dan Mn3O4 dapat meningkatkan efisiensi nanokomposit sebagai fotokatalis. Peningkatan efisiensi ditunjukkan dengan melebarnya rentang absorbansi pada hasil pengukuran UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance. Pengukuran adsorpsi-desorpsi nitrogen menunjukkan bahwa penambahan geraham TiO2 mengakibatkan penurunan luas permukaan spesifik nanokomposit Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4, sedangkan hasil sebaliknya diberikan dengan penambahan geraham Mn3O4. Pada uji fotokatalitik, hasil terbaik ditunjukkan oleh nanokomposit Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 dengan dominasi Mn3O4 untuk radiasi UV dan cahaya tampak. Pada kondisi optimum, nanokomposit Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 mampu mendegradasi metilen biru hingga 91% dengan penyinaran selama 2 jam. Uji scavenger mengidentifikasi lubang sebagai spesies yang berkontribusi paling besar pada proses fotokatalitik ini. Uji reusabilitas dan stabilitas pada nanokomposit Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 menunjukkan hasil positif.

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Silver, Titanium dioxide, and Manganese (II,III) oxide (Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4) nanocomposites with various molar ratios have been synthesized using the hydrothermal method. X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements confirmed the structure of the Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposite consisting of a cubic structure of Ag, TiO2 anatase, and tetragonal Mn3O4. The elemental composition ratio of Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposite was investigated by X-ray fluorescence (XRF). The synergistic effect of Ag, TiO2 and Mn3O4 can increase the efficiency of nanocomposites as photocatalysts. The increase in efficiency is indicated by the widening of the absorbance range on the measurement results of UV-Vis Diffuse Reflectance. The nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements showed that the addition of TiO2 molars resulted in a decrease in the specific surface area of ​​the Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposite, while the opposite result was given by the addition of Mn3O4 molars. In the photocatalytic test, the best results were shown by the Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposite with the dominance of Mn3O4 for UV radiation and visible light. Under optimum conditions, Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposite was able to degrade methylene blue up to 91% with irradiation for 2 hours. The scavenger test identified pits as the species that contributed most to this photocatalytic process. Reusability and stability tests on Ag/TiO2/Mn3O4 nanocomposites showed positive results."

"Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposite materials are constructed from a polymer as a matrix and an organoclay as filler. Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposites have been synthesized using various curing agents. The aim of this research was to study the influence of the curing agent and the organoclay contents to the structure and mechanical properties of nanocomposites materials. Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposites were synthesized using cycloaliphatic amine as a curing agent and a montmorillonite organoclay (MMT) as filler through an in situ polymerization method. XRD and TEM technique provide more detail information to understand the structure that relates to the mechanical properties of the materials. Tensile test, compressive test and hardness test were conducted based on ASTM and JIS standards. The fracture surfaces after tensile tests were analyzed using SEM. The nanocomposite properties were compared to glass-fiber composites which were synthesized using wet-laminating method.It was found that the curing agent is influence to the nanocomposites structure which was shown by the change of d-spacing before and after the addition of the agent curing. XRD and TEM techniques showed that both intercalated and exfoliated structure have been formed. TEM image also exhibited that the number of intercalated structure was higher when the organoclay content was higher. It can be said that TEM techniques provides a better understanding of the nanocomposites structure and the number intercalated structure increase as the organoclay increases.The organoclay contain also influences to mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials. The addition of 10.5 wt.% organoclay improved the tensile modulus by 185% but and decreased tensile strength by 186% and 49%, and these values are lower of 36% and 90% compared to glass fiber composites. These decreases in the strength may be attributed to the fact that agglomerate and void was formed. From compression test, the addition of 3.1 wt.% organoclay demonstrated a 102% increase in compression strength and a 93% increase in load maximum compare to epoxy resin. But, that compression strength value lower of 11% compared to glass fiber composites. For the maximum load, the addition of 3.1 wt.% organoclay improved 246% compared to glass fiber composites. Addition of 7.3 wt.% organoclay demonstrated an increase of modulus of the epoxy resin by 93% and 2% compare to glass fiber composites. Meanwhile, the addition of 10.5% organoclay cause decreasing in yield compression up to 31%, but this higher value equal to 406% from is glass fiber composites. While that, result of hardness test do not show the make-up of value meaning in comparison with epoxy matrix."

"Tesis ini merupakan bahasan hasil penelitian fabrikasi material nanokomposit dengan perbaikan pada proses fabrikasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan sifat mekanik dan termal dari material nanokomposit nanoclaypolipropilena melalui peningkatan panjang screw dalam mesin twin screw extruder (TSE). Screw pendek yang digunakan memiliki panjang 300 mm, sedangkan screw panjang ukurannya 600 mm. Formulasi dari nanokomposit adalah 3,5 % nanoclay dalam matrik polipropilena dengan aditif kompatibiliser 5 % PP-g-MA. Hasil pengamatan struktur mikro nanokomposit menggunakan scanning electron microscope (SEM) dan scanning probe microscope (SPM) menunjukkan bahwa hasil fabrikasi nanokomposit menggunakan mesin pencampur TSE screw panjang memiliki sebaran/dispersi nanoclay yang lebih baik dibanding hasil fabrikasi menggunakan screw pendek. Dari hasil pengujian sifat mekanik nanokomposit yang dilakukan yang meliputi kekuatan tarik, modulus kekakuan, kekerasan, ketahanan aus dan ketangguhan menunjukkan bahwa nanokomposit hasil fabrikasi menggunakan screw panjang sifat mekaniknyalebih baik. Modulus kekakuan meningkat 34 %, ketangguhan dan kekerasan meningkat 1 %,. Dampak positif dari penelitian ini adalah meningkatnya sifat termal nanokomposit hasil fabrikasi menggunakan screw panjang dari pada hasil fabrikasi menggunakan screw pendek, sifat termal yang dianalisis meliputi: temperatur dekomposisi, temperatur defleksi, kecepatan bakar dan temperature leleh. Bila dibandingkan dengan polipropilena, maka nanokomposit memiliki peningkatan sifat sdiantaranya termal defleksi 7 %, termal dekomposisi 2 % dan ketahanan bakar 8 %.

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This thesis is a discussion of material manufacturing nanocomposites with improvements in the manufacturing process. This research aims is to improve the mechanical and thermal properties of nanoclay-polypropylene nanocomposites material through the longer screw in the twin screw extruder (TSE) mixer machine. Short screw used own length of 300 mm, while the other screw length of 600 mm in size. Formulation of nanocomposites is 3.5% nanoclay in polypropylene matrix with compatibilizer of 5 % PP-g-MA. The results of micro structure of nanocomposites observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and scanning probe microscope (SPM) showed that the nanocomposites manufacturing using a long screw found that the dispersion of nanoclay in nanocomposites is better than fabricated using a short screw. The mechanical testing of nanocomposites materials includes a tensile strength, elastic modulus, hardness, impact, and wear resistance the results showed that the nanocomposites manufacturing use longer screw have increased of mechanical properties, elastic modulus improve 34 %, impact charpy and hardness improve 1 %,. The side effect of this research is thermal properties of nanocomposites manufacturing use long screw was increased compared nanocomposites manufacturing using short screw. The thermal properties has analysed by flammability, thermal decomposition, thermal deflection, and melting temperature. Compare to polypropylene, the nanokomposites as manufacture has improve thermal deflection 7 %, thermal decomposition 2 % and flame retardant 8 %."

"Preparasi nanokomposit masterbatch pati/organoclay digunakan sebagai bahan pencampur pembuatan plastik kemasan yang bersifat biodegradable. Masterbatch tersusun atas pati singkong (tapioka), organoclay (montmorillonite), dan bahan aditif (plasticizer dan compatibilizer). Proses sintesis dengan metode melt compounding (pencampuran lelehan) yang dilakukan menggunakan alat Rheomix mixer. Untuk mendapatkan masterbatch optimum, struktur dan morfologi dari masterbatch diamati menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) dan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Bahan aditif gliserol monostearat (GMS) dan gum rosin (GR) dapat mempengaruhi perbedaan pembentukan thermoplastic starch (TPS) yang menjadi matriks dari masterbatch. Penggunaan GMS sebagai aditif dengan konsentrasi pati sebesar 36% (wt) menunjukkan morfologi permukaan yang paling homogen, pati mengalami destrukturasi menjadi TPS secara merata, menghasilkan penurunan basal spacing menjadi 2,04 nm dan terbentuk struktur interkalasi. Penggunaan GR sebagai aditif dengan konsentrasi pati yang sama, menunjukkan morfologi permukaan yang kurang homogen, tidak semua pati mengalami destrukturasi dan peningkatan basal spacing organoclay sebesar 3,89 nm serta terbentuk struktur eksfoliasi. Selain itu, peningkatan konsentrasi pati juga memberikan pengaruh terhadap morfologi masterbatch. Semakin banyak konsentrasi pati, morfologi dari masterbatch semakin tidak homogen.

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Preparation of nanocomposite masterbatch starch / organoclay were used as biodegradable mixed materials on the manufacturing of plastic packaging. Masterbatch consist of cassava starch, organoclay (montmorillonite), and additives (plasticizer and compatibilizer). The synthesis process by melt compounding using a Rheomix mixer. To obtain optimum structure and morphology of the masterbatch were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). The Additives glycerol monostearate (GMS) and gum rosin (GR) can influenced the differences in the homogeneous of thermoplastic starch (TPS) as a matrix of the masterbatch. The using of GMS as an additive with a 36% (wt) concentration of starch showed the most homogeneous surface morphology, destructuring of starch into TPS homogeneously, the basal spacing of organoclay was decreased into 2.04 nm and obtain intercalated structure. The using of GR as an additive with the same concentration of starch, showed a less homogeneous surface morphology, destructuring of starch into TPS is not homogeneous, increased basal spacing to 3.89 nm and obtain exfoliated structure. Furthermore, the increased starch concentrations was also influence on the morphology of masterbatch. Increased of starch concentration caused the non homogeneous morphology of the masterbatch."