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"Nanokomposit polimer merupakan bahan yang terdiri dari paduan polimer dan partikel-partikel pendispersi dengan ukuran nanometer, misalnya partikel clay. Nanokomposit memiliki kelebihan dibandingkan dengan komposit konvesional diantaranya, modulus , kekuatan, dan hambatan panasnya lebih tinggi . Agar clay terdispersi di dalam polimer, maka reaksi pertukaran ion harus dilakukan pada clay agar permukaan clay kompatibel dengan polimer sehingga memudahkan bagi molekul polimer masuk di antara lapisan clay tersebut.Metode pembuatan nanokomposit berbasis polypropylene (PP) dalam penelitian ini adalah pencampuran langsung polypropylene ( PP ) dengan Organo Layered Silicate (OLS) dan Polipropylene grafted Maleic Anhydride ( PP-g-MA ) dengan menggunakan twin screw extruder.Hasil XRD dan TEM, dari nanokomposit polypropylene - clay menunjukkan bahwa bahan mempunyai struktur eksfoliasi dan interkalasi. Struktur eksfoliasi diperoleh pada sampel PP - OLS I.44 PT yang mengalami satu kali ekstrusi pada 100 rpm. Sampel ini menunjukkan kenaikan kuat tarik dan HDT masing-masing sebesar 7,36% dan 30,06% terhadap PP murni. Sampel dengan dua kali ekstrusi memiliki kenaikan modulus elastisitas sebesar 41.19% dan HDT sebesar 29,38%.

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Polimer nanocomposites are materials that are formed by polimer and dispersed particles in nanometer size, such as clay particles. Polimer nanocomposites have better properties, such as modulus, strength, and heat recistance, compared to the conventional composites. In order to make the clay particles disperse within the polimer, a cation exchange reaction must be done on the clay surface so that the polimer moleculer one able to get into space between the layers.

In tha research, polypropylene based nanocomposites were prepared by a direct mixing with polypropylene (PP) with organo layered silicate (OLS) and polypropylene grafted Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA) using a twin-screw extruder.

The XRD and TEM analysis from this PP-clay nanocomposites showed that an exfoliated and an intercalted structures were formed. Exfolition structure was found on the PP-OLS I.44 PT samples which wereprepared by one time extrusion on a 100 rpm. These sample show on increasis on tensile strength and HDT of 7,36% and 30,06% respectively compared to pristine PP.Two times extrution on the samples result on the increasing of elastic modulus by 41,19% and HDT by 29,38%."

"Dengan berkembangnya kemampuan rekayasa material, polimer blend menjadi salah satu metode untuk merekayasa material polimer yang cukup penting karena aplikasinya yang cukup luas. Dalam penelitian ini telah dilakukan proses blending (pencampuran) antara material polimer polietilena tereftalat (PET) dengan polipropilena (PP) dengan bantuan kompatibilizer PP-g-MA. Proses pencampuran menggunakan mesin ekstrusi jenis single screw dengan setting parameter suhu 210oC, 230oC, 265oC dan 275oC pada putaran 50 rpm. Pengaruh penambahan filler pada sistem campuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA terhadap sifat mekanik dilakukan dengan menambahkan filler clay dengan konsentrasi 1, 3, 5, 7 dan 10 % (rasio berat). Hasil pencampuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA dan penambahan filler clay dikarakterisasi sifat mekanik yaitu tensile strength, impact strength dan sifat termalnya dengan DSC, TGA serta morfologinya dengan SEM. Pada penelitian ini didapatkan nilai optimal dari penambahan kompatibilizer PP-g-MA pada konsentrasi 7% (rasio berat) dengan nilai kuat tarik sebesar 29,25 MPa. Penambahan filler clay dalam sistem campuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA pada konsentrasi 7 % (rasio berat) berpengaruh terhadap sifat mekanik, termal dan sifat morfologinya. Semakin besar penggunaan filler clay menyebabkan sifat Emodulus meningkat, kuat tarik menurun, elongasi menurun dan kekuatan impak juga menurun. Kekuatan mekanik terbesar dicapai pada penambahan filler 1 % (rasio berat) dan nilai E-modulus terbesar pada penggunaan filler 10% (rasio berat). Sifat termal pada penambahan filler didapatkan kecenderungan meningkatkan kestabilan termal dan menurunnya derajat kristalinitas PP campuran PET/PP/PP-g-MA/filler clay.

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Advancement of material engineering makes polymer blend as an important polymer material engineering method among other methods because of its wide applications. In this research, blending between polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and polypropylene (PP) polymer materials using compatibilizer PP-g-MA was produced. Single-screw extrusion machine with temperature parameters of 210oC, 230oC, 265oC and 275oC at 50 rpm was used during mixing process. The influence of filler supplementation on mixture system of PET/PP/PP-g-MA on mechanical properties was carried out by adding filler clay of 1, 3, 5, 7 and 10% (weight ratio).

The mixing result of PET/PP/PP-g-MA and supplementation of filler clay was characterized mechanically (tensile strength, impact strength), thermally (DSC, TGA), and morphologically (SEM). Optimal value of compatibilizer PP-g-MA supplementation was obtained at concentration of 7% (weight ratio) with tensile strength of 29.25 MPa. Supplementation of filler clay into the system of 7% (weight ratio) influenced their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties. The higher the ratio of filler clay, the higher the E-modulus property, the lower the tensile strength, the lower the elongation, and the lower the impact strength. The highest mechanical strength was obtained at filler supplementation of 1% (weight ratio) and the highest E-modulus value was obtained at filler supplementation of 10% (weight ratio). Thermal properties of filler supplementation tends to increase thermal stability and decrease crystallinity of PP mixed with PET/PP/PP-g-MA/filler clay."

"Untuk mendapatkan kemasan makanan dengan sifat yang superior, trend saat ini ialah pengembangan teknologi nanokomposit. Salah satu permasalahan yang ada ialah pembuatan nanokomposit ini terbilang rumit dan mahal. Penelitian ini bertujuan membuat polipropilena clay nanokomposit (red. PPCN) yang berbiaya rendah dengan menerapkan prinsip pembuatan singkat cascade engineering. Prinsip cascade engineering pada pembuatan PPCN ini, ditunjukkan melalui pembuatan compatibilizer (untuk memungkinkan pencampuran PP dengan clay), masterbatch, dan PPCN secara berkelanjutan dalam satu alat melt mixing. Kemudian untuk mengamati kinerja dari PPCN yang dihasilkan dilakukan karakterisasi mekanis dan XRD. Namun karena adanya permasalahan gelembung pada slab pengujian, maka penelitian ini lebih difokuskan pada pengujian stabilitas termal PPCN berdasarkan studi annealing.Dari hasil XRD yang dilakukan, terlihat bahwa morfologi yang dihasilkan sistem ini ialah berupa mikrokomposit. Dan secara umum, terlihat tidak adanya pengaruh yang signifikan dari variabel waktu pembuatan masterbatch yang digunakan (1, 3, dan 6 menit). Setelah dilakukan pengujian XRD pasca anil, terlihat bahwa stabilitas termal sistem yang dihasilkan kurang baik. Hal ini terlihat dari adanya penurunan ukuran galeri MMT (deinterkelasi). Diperkirakan hal ini disebabkan oleh kurang kuatnya ikatan yang terbentuk antara compatibilizer PP-g-MA dengan clay dan juga kurang baik kompatibilitas PP-g-MA.

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For getting superior properties of food packaging, today?s people try to use nanocomposite technology. One of nanocomposite problems is the fabrication of this materials were complex and expensive. This research aim is to make a low cost polypropylene clay nanocomposite (red. PPCN) which processed by a short-cut method well-known as cascade engineering principle. Cascade engineering principle in this PPCN fabrication is shown by making compatibilizer (to enable the mixing of PP and clay), masterbatch, and PPCN in one pot process using melt mixing. After making PPCN, to examine the performance of this system, the intended characterizations were mechanical and XRD testing. Due to the presence of voids in slabs produced for the testing, the investigation was focused on the thermal stability of PPCN based on annealing study.

The initial result of XRD showed that the morphology of the system were microcomposite. The XRD data showed that time, as the investigated parameter (1, 3, and 6 minutes), did not make any significant change on the PPCN morphology. After doing the annealing process, the XRD data showed that the thermal stability of this system was poor. This conclusion obtained from the reduction of MMT gallery?s height (deintercalation). These phenomenons are cause by the weak bonding and the lack of compatibility of PP-g-MA."

"Polymer-Clay nanokomposit adalah material polimer yang telah ditingkatkan performanya dengan cara penambahan reinforcement organo monmorilonit/organo layer silicate (OLS) yang mampu terdispersi pada ukuran nanometer, struktur interkelasi dan eksfoliasi menandakan dispersi nanometer telah tercapai. Upaya optimasi dan strategi dalam pencapaian struktur interkelasi dan eksfoliasi dapat dilakukan dalam banyak cara, namun kesesuaian berdasarkan termodinamika adalah hal terpenting. Matriks polipropilen akan bersifat immiscible terhadap clay yang bersifat polar, hal itu disebabkan oleh sifat non polar dari PP. Untuk mendapatkan kompatibilitas yang dapat mendukung terbentuknya struktur interkelasi atau eksfoliasi yang stabil terhadap temperatur, maka penggunaan polipropilen-grafted-anhidrida maleat (PP-g-MA) yang tepat harus digunakan. Pemilihan PP-g-MA yang tepat didasari pada studi afinitas diantara PP-g-MA dengan sistem PP/OLS. PP-g-MA yang digunakan pada penelitian ini memiliki berat molekul dan komposisi anhidrida maleat (epolene G-3003,G-3015 dan E-43) yang berbeda. Studi afinitas didasari pada pembentukan struktur eksfoliasi, selanjutnya kemampuan dari sistem komposit untuk mempertahankan struktur eksfoliasi yang telah terbentuk pada kondisi annealing merupakan langkah investigasi selanjutnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan compatibilizer dalam jumlah persentase yang besar yakni 80% PP-g-MA, 10% OLS dan 10% PP. Proses pencampuran dilakukan dengan mesin Rheomix R600 pada temperatur 210o C, kecepatan rotor 40 rpm selama 5 menit. Sampel hasil pencampuran dilakukan karakterisasi XRD. Difraktogram XRD menunjukkan kecendrungan terbentuknya struktur interkelasi pada epolene E-43 sedangkan struktur eksfoliasi pada epolene G-3003 dan epolene G-3015. Hal ini mengindikasikan bahwa epolene E-43 memiliki afinitas yang lebih rendah dibanding epolene G-3015 dan epolene G-3003 pada sistem polipropilen/OLS. Studi annealing (kondisi temperatur 210 o C dan waktu tinggal selama 60 menit) yang dilakukan pada sampel komposit berbasis epolene G-3003 dan epolene G-3015 menunjukkan bahwa epolene G-3003 memiliki afinitas yang lebih baik pada sistem PP/OLS ditandai dengan kemampuan mempertahankan struktur ekfoliasi yang telah terbentuk seperti yang ditunjukkan pada difraktogram XRD.

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Polymer-clay nanocomposite is a polymer material which its performance has been improved with the addition of organo monmorillonite/Organo layer silicates (OLS) as reinforcement, dispersed in size of nanometers. Intercalation and/or exfoliation structures show that nanometer dispersion has been achieved. Optimization strategy in achieving intercalation and/or exfoliation structure can be done in several ways, but the appropriate thermodynamic is the most important. Polypropylene (PP) matrix is immiscible with polar clay because of PP's non polarity properties. To enhance the compatibility which support the formation of thermally stable intercalation and/or exfoliation structure, the right kind of PP-grafted-Maleic Anhydride (PP-g-MA) should be used. Selection of the right PP-g-MA was based on affinity study between PP-g-MA and PP/OLS system. PP-g-MAs used in this study were of different molecular weight and maleic anhydride composition. (epolene G-3003, G-3015 and E-43). Affinity study was based on, first the formation of exfoliation structure, then the ability to withstand the formed exfoliated structure under annealing study was the next investigation step. In this case high percentage of compatibilizer up to 80% PP-g-MA, 10% OLS and 10% PP were used. The mixing process was done with Rheomix R600 for 5 minutes at 210_ C temperature and 40 rpm rotor speed . Then, all samples were subjected to XRD characterization. XRD difractogram shows that in epolene E-43 based nanocomposite, the intercalation structure was formed, but in epolene G-3003 and epolene G-3015 the exfoliation structures were formed. These indicated that epolene E-43 has lower affinity compared to epolene G-3003 and epolene G-3015 with PP/OLS system. Annealing study (at 210_ C temperature for 60 minutes) on epolene G-3003 and epolene G-3015 based nanocomposite show that epolene G-3003 has better affinity with PP/OLS system with the ability to keep the previously formed exfoliated structure as shown in XRD difractogram."

"Telah diteliti pengembangan bahan termoplastik elastomer dari polipropilena dan kompon karet alam SIR-20 dengan serbuk ban bekas sebagai bahan pengisi. Polipropilena yang diperkuat dengan serbuk ban bekas dengan ukuran 60 mesh 1 mm, dan komposisi serbuk ban bekas (30, 40, dan 50) %berat. Sifat mekanik yang diamati adalah kekuatan tarik,perpanjangan putus, Modulus Young, kekuatan sobek, dan kekuatan impact. Sifat termal dianalisis dengan DSC dan DTA/TGA.Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh bahwa untuk ukuran serbuk ban bekas 60 mesh kekuatan tarik, perpanjangan putus, modulus Young, kekuatan sobek, dan kekuatan impact lebih besar dibanding ukuran 1 mm. Penambahan serbuk ban bekas 60 mesh mengalami peningkatan namun mengalami penurunan pada penambahan 50 % berat. Sedangkan untuk ukuran serbuk ban bekas 1 mm kekuatan tarik, perpanjangan putus, kekuatan sobek, dan kekuatan impact mengalami penurunan. Dari analisis DSC diperoleh bahwa dengan penambahan serbuk ban bekas tidak menghasilkan perbedaan titik didih yang signifikan antara sampel yang mengandung serbuk ban bekas dan polipropilena. analisis TGA/DTA adanya peningkatan enthalpy dan suhu dekomposisi dengan adanya penambahan serbuk ban bekas dan terjadi stabilitas termal.

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Having been researched the development of thermoplastic elastomer material of polypropylene and natural rubber SIR-20 compound with Crumb Rubber as the filler. Reinforced polypropylene with size 60 mesh with 1 mm, and the composition of the Crumb rubber (30, 40, and 50) wt%. Observed mechanical properties are tensile strength, fracture elongation, Young's modulus, tear strength and impact strength. Thermal properties are analyzed by DSC and DTA/TGA. It is acquired that for the size of 60 mesh crumb rubber tensile strength, fracture elongation, Young?s modulus, tear strength and impact strength are bigger than 1mm size. The addition of 60 mesh crumb rubber increases but it decreases by adding of 50 weight%. While for crumb rubber 1mm tensile strength, fracture elongation, tear strength and impact strength decreas. Based on analysis of DSC that the addition of crumb rubber does not make a difference boiling point significantly between samples containing crumb rubber and polypropylene Analysis TGA/DTA to an increase in enthalpy and decomposition temperature with the addition of crumb rubber used and thermal stability."

"Baru-baru ini polymer-clay nanocomposite telah menjadi sebuah konsep yang berkembang di dlam pemanfaatan komposit matriks polImer hal ini dikarenakan penggabungan antara OLS dengan polymer memiliki kesempatan yang menjanjikan untuk meningkatkan performa yang lebih baik dari pada filled polymers pada umumnya. Dispersi dari OLS sulit untuk dicapai karena perbedaan polaritas antara keduanya. Kebutuhan akan compatibilizer yang memiliki kecocokan dengan PP dan clay juga kondisi proses yang sesuai menjadikan proses ini kompleks dan relatif mahal. Peneliatian menjalankan aplikasi Cascade Engineering Principle selama proses fabrikasi. Proses yang stimultan untuk menghasilkan polimer fungsional (sintesis dari PP-g-MA) untuk mencapai struktur PP-clay nanokomposit dengan interkelasi dan atau eksfoliasi menjadikan sebuah metode jalan pintas yang memiliki biaya proses relatif rendah. Untuk awal dibuat terlebih dahulu Masterbatch untuk kemudian dilanjutkan dengan membuat PPCN. PP, Peroxide dan Maleat Anhidrida dicampur menghasilkan PP-g-MA menggunakan metode melt compounding dengan tiga variabel watu pencampuran (1, 3 dan 6 menit) kemudian clay OLS dengan gugus OH (2-Hydroxyethyl(hexadecyl)- dimethylammonium iodide) dimasukkan dengan metode yang sama. Lalu, PP ditambahkan ke dalam masterbatch untuk menghasilkan PPCN. Pengujian Kekuatan Tarik (Tensile Strength Test) dilakukan untuk mengidentifikasi adanya peningkatan terhadap sifat mekanik dan pemeriksaan dengan XRD untuk menunjukan stabilitas struktur nanomorfologi. Metode fabrikasi ini belum memberikan hasil yang ideal. Sebagai compatibilizer, PP-g-MA yang dihasilkan memberikan interaksi yang kurang baik, mengacu pada runtuhnya/collapse dari struktur nanomorfologi-nya diantara gallery silikat. XRD difractogram menunjukan bahwa terbentuk interkelasi pada PPCN dan beberapa deinterkelasi juga terdeteksi. Pengujian Kekuatan Tarik (Tensile Strength Test) membuktikan penurunan pada kekuatan tarik dari PPCN.

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Recently, polymer-clay nanocomposite has become advanced concept in polymer matrix composites due to the fusion of hybrid between OLS and polymer promising to have significantly improved performance over traditionally filled polymers. Dispersion of OLS to polymer is difficult to be achieved in that the difference in polarity grade. Compatibilizer affinity to PP and clay and suitable process conditions make this process complex and expensive. The research applying Cascade Engineering Principle during fabrication. A simultaneous process of polymer functionalization (synthesis of PP-g-MA) to achieve intercalated and/or exfoliated PP-clay nanocomposite makes such proposed method is a shortcut and a low cost processing. Masterbatch being the main focus on preparation of PPCN. PP, Peroxide and Maleic Anhydride mixed to be PP-g-MA using melt compounding method with three variabels (1, 3 and 6 minutes) and then clay OLS with OH functional group (2-Hydroxyethyl(hexadecyl)-dimethylammonium iodide) inserted with the same method. Next, PP added to masterbatch to produce PPCN system. Tensile Strength testing indicating the improvement of mechanical properties and XRD examination showing the stability of nanomorphology structure. This fabrication method didn?t offer ideal result yet. Although there is an imrovement in the modulus of elasticity.As compatibilizer, PP-g-MA gave poor interaction referred to the collapse on nanomorphology structure between silicate galleries. XRD difractogram showed that some intercalation formed in PPCN system while some deintercalation detected on the contrary. Tensile Strength testing proved that deintercalation had its tensile strength lower. As variabels, three of PPCN products had no significant differences of data series."

"Nanokomposit polimer-clay merupakan bahan dengan matrik polimer yang diperkuat dengan nanofiller seperti lapisan silika. Pada penelitian ini pembuatan nanokomposit diawali dengan pembuatan masterbatch organo clay dengan penggunaan pelarut kemudian dicampur dengan polimer. Masterbatch dalam penelitian ini dihasilkan dari pencampuran Organo Layered Silicate (OLS), Ethylene Glycol, dan Polypropylene grafted maleic An hydride (PP-g-MA). Pembuatan nanokomposit polipropilen clay dilakukan di dalam mesin Rheomex (twin screw extruder) dengan mencampur masterbatch dan PP. Pengujian material yang dilakukan adalah pengujian XRD, TEM, HDT, dan uji tarik. Hasil yang diperoleh pada pengukuran HDT menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 22 % pada komposit OLS Nanomer I.44PT dibanding dengan nilai HDT PP murni. Modulus elastisitas menunjukkan kenaikan sebesar 36 % pada komposit OLS DTDA dibanding dengan PP murni.

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Polimer - clay nanocomposite is a material with a polimer matrix which is toughened by nanofiller such as silica particles. In this research,, nanocomposite was prepared from the production of organoclay masterbatch through a mixture of a solvent and a polymer. The masterbatch were produced from a mixture of organo layered silicate (OLS), Ethylene Glycol, and Polypropylene grafted maleic An hydride (PP-g-MA). The production of PP clay nanocomposite was done in Rheomex machine (twin screw extruder) by mixing the masterbatch and PP. The materials evaluated were using XRD, TEM, HDT, and tensile test. The results of HDT measurement showed that the OLS Nanomer composites were 22 % higher compared to the pristine PP. The modulus of elasticity of OLS ? DTDA composites increased 36 % compared to the pristine PP."

"Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposite materials are constructed from a polymer as a matrix and an organoclay as filler. Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposites have been synthesized using various curing agents. The aim of this research was to study the influence of the curing agent and the organoclay contents to the structure and mechanical properties of nanocomposites materials. Epoxy-organo clay nanocomposites were synthesized using cycloaliphatic amine as a curing agent and a montmorillonite organoclay (MMT) as filler through an in situ polymerization method. XRD and TEM technique provide more detail information to understand the structure that relates to the mechanical properties of the materials. Tensile test, compressive test and hardness test were conducted based on ASTM and JIS standards. The fracture surfaces after tensile tests were analyzed using SEM. The nanocomposite properties were compared to glass-fiber composites which were synthesized using wet-laminating method.It was found that the curing agent is influence to the nanocomposites structure which was shown by the change of d-spacing before and after the addition of the agent curing. XRD and TEM techniques showed that both intercalated and exfoliated structure have been formed. TEM image also exhibited that the number of intercalated structure was higher when the organoclay content was higher. It can be said that TEM techniques provides a better understanding of the nanocomposites structure and the number intercalated structure increase as the organoclay increases.The organoclay contain also influences to mechanical properties of nanocomposite materials. The addition of 10.5 wt.% organoclay improved the tensile modulus by 185% but and decreased tensile strength by 186% and 49%, and these values are lower of 36% and 90% compared to glass fiber composites. These decreases in the strength may be attributed to the fact that agglomerate and void was formed. From compression test, the addition of 3.1 wt.% organoclay demonstrated a 102% increase in compression strength and a 93% increase in load maximum compare to epoxy resin. But, that compression strength value lower of 11% compared to glass fiber composites. For the maximum load, the addition of 3.1 wt.% organoclay improved 246% compared to glass fiber composites. Addition of 7.3 wt.% organoclay demonstrated an increase of modulus of the epoxy resin by 93% and 2% compare to glass fiber composites. Meanwhile, the addition of 10.5% organoclay cause decreasing in yield compression up to 31%, but this higher value equal to 406% from is glass fiber composites. While that, result of hardness test do not show the make-up of value meaning in comparison with epoxy matrix."

"Clay-epoxy nanocomposites were synthesized from DGEBA resin and montmorillonite clay with an in-situ polymerization. One type of untreated clay and two types of organo clay were used to produce the nanocompsoites. The aims of this study were to examine the nanocomposite structure using different tools and to compare the results between the unmodified clay and modified clays as nanofillers. Although diffractogram in reflection mode did not show any apparent peak of both types of materials, the transmitted XRD (X-Ray Difraction) graphs, DSC (Differential Scanning Calorimeter) analysis and TEM (Transmission Electron Microscope) images revealed that the modified clay-epoxy and unmodified clay-epoxy provides different results. Interestingly, the micrographs showed that some of the modified clay layers possessed non-exfoliated layers in the modified clay-epoxy nanocomposites. Clay aggregates and a hackle pattern were found from E-SEM images for both types of nanocomposite materials. It is shown that different tools should be used to determine the nanocomposite structure."