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"Salah satu metode pemodelan reservoar untuk karakterisasi reservoar adalah pemetaan distribusi hidrokarbon reservoar seperti gas dengan seismik inversi menggunakan parameter elastik batuan sebagai parameter inversinya. RAKA field ditemukan sekitar tahun 1980 terdapat tiga formasi Belut, Gabus dan Arang. Formasi Arang adalah salah satu formasi penghasil gas dengan tipe reservoar batu pasir, dengan rata-rata ketebalan 70 ft pada lingkungan pengendapan terrestrial (low sinuousity channel) ke transitional lacustrinal deltaic system. Salah satu metodologi untuk memodelkan distribusi spasial dari properti reservoar adalah menggunakan elastik impendansi. Elastik impendasi merupakan kesamaan dengan AI untuk data non zero-offset dapat ditunjukkan dengan fungsi yang disebut elastik impedansi (EI). Fungsi ini merupakan generalisasi dari akustik impedansi untuk sudut datang yang bervariasi yang memberikan konsistensi dan kerangka kerja untuk mengkalibrasi dan menginversi data non zero-offset seismik seperti yang dilakukan AI pada zero-offset. Detail yang diinterpretasikan adalah formasi Arang pada struktur horizon top horizon A5_Horz dan bottom horizon A4_Horz. Dari analisa awal hasil ekstraksi RMS amplitudo volume near offset dan far offset menunjukkan adanya anomali AVO. Dengan melakukan cross plot antara AI dan EI normalisasi pada zona A5_Horz dan A4_horz pada data sumur menunjukkan perbedaan gradien antar zona gas dan zona non-HC dan cross over antara AI dan EI dengan penuruan nilai EI juga menunjukkan adanya gas. Pemodelan reservoar dilakukan dengan membandingkan inversi AI pada volume near offset dan inversi EI normalisasi pada volume far offset. Dari perbandingan tersebut didapatkan hubungan antara distribusi gas dengan anomali AVO pada indikasi awal dari ekstraksi RMS amplitudo.

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The success of prediction of reservoir modeling is the mapping of hydrocarbon reservoirs such as gas distribution using inversion elastic parameters of rocks. RAKA field found around the year 1980 there are three formations Belut, Gabus and Arang. Formation of Arang is one type of gas-producing formations of sandstone reservoirs, with an average thickness of 70 ft in terrestrial depositional environments (low sinuousity channel) to the transitional lacustrinal deltaic system. One methodology for modeling the spatial distribution of reservoir properties is to use elastic impendance. Elastic impendance is common with accoustic impedance for the non zero-offset data can be shown with the function called Elastic Impedance (EI). This function is a generalization of the acoustic impedance for varying angle which provides consistency and a framework for calibrating and data menginversi non-zero-offset seismic as the AI in the zero-offset. Details are interpreted is the formation of Arang on the horizon structure A5_Horz top and bottom horizon horizon A4_Horz. Initial analysis of the extracted RMS amplitude of the volume of near offset and far offset shows the AVO anomaly. Cross plot wells data of AI and EI normalization in between A5_Horz zone and A4_horz show different gradient gas bearing zone and non-HC bearing zone (background trend) and cross over of AI and EI with low EI values can showing gas present. Then modeling of reservoir is done by comparing the inversion of AI in the volume of near offset and inversion of EI normalization the far offset volume. Comparison of two volume invertion of AI and EI normalization showing the gas distribution showed AVO anomaly at the first indication of the RMS amplitude extraction."

"[ABSTRAKLapangan XXX merupakan lapangan minyak di cekungan Natuna Baratdengan reservoir utama berupa reservoir batu pasir. Ketebalan reservoir padalapangan ini sangat bervariasi sehingga hasil inversi hanya dapat memetakanketebalan reservoir yang mendekati ketebalan tuning.Berdasarkan uji sensitifitas, parameter AI di setiap sumur tidak dapatmembedakan hidrokarbon, sehingga parameter akustik saja tidak dapat diaplikasikandalam karakterisasi reservoir lapangan ini. Namun ketika parameter densitas terpisahdengan parameter kecepatan P, sebaran hidrokarbon dapat dibedakan dengan baik.Kecepatan S tidak tersedia di semua sumur padahal data ini sangat diperlukanuntuk melakukan pengolahan data dengan metode inversi simultan. Oleh karena ituakan dilakukan beberapa estimasi untuk mendapatkan data kecepatan S antara laindengan metode castagna, metode gassmann, metode parsial, metode Xu-White danmetode Lee. Data kecepatan S yang dipakai adalah kecepatan S terbaik yangdiperoleh dari metode Xu White dikarenakan hasil log poisson’s rationya palingmendekati tren kurva saturasi air. Selain itu aspek rasio batuan yangmempertimbangkan nilai porositas dan volume clay, serta kontrol kualitas Vp modeldari metode Xu-White memiliki rasio error minimum jika dibandingkan dengan nilaiVp dari data log.Metode inversi simultan dengan data pre-stack atau partial stackmemungkinkan dilakukannya prediksi parameter Impedansi P, Impedansi S, dandensitas dari data seismik. Selain itu meode inversi simultan dapat dipergunakanmulti wavelet dalam pengolahan datanya. Hasil penampang inversi yang diperolehmenunjukkan bahwa inverse densitas dapat menjelaskan letak sebaran batuanreservoir dan fluida berdasarkan cut off sensitifitas yakni nilai dibawah 2,26 gr/cc.

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ABSTRACTfield is an oil field in West Natuna Basin with sandstone reservoir asprimary target. There was varying reservoir thickness, so the inversion method thatcould only be applied to map reservoir thickness, which close to tuning thickness.Based on sensitivity analysis, Acoustic Impedance parameters couldn’tindicate hydrocarbon appearance for each well, so Acoustic Impedance cannot beapplied for reservoir characterization in this field. Density versus AcousticImpedance could map hydrocarbon appearance.Shear velocity weren’t available where those data was needed for runningsimultaneous inversion method. Predicting velocity shear would be carried out byusing several method such as Castagna, Gassmann, Parsial, Xu-White, and Lee. Thebest estimated velocity shear would be used for inversion, The best estimated shearvelocity from Xu-White method because Xu-White’s poisson ratio log presentssimilar trend with water saturation log (Sw). Moreover, Xu-White’s ratio aspect isalso considering porosity and clay volume value. Based on quality control result, Vpmodel of Xu-White had minimum error ratio compared to Vp from log.Simultaneous inversion with pre-stack and parsial stack data what can be usedfor predicting P-Impedance, S-Impedance, and density from seismic data. Otherwise,this method is also used not only for single wavelet but also multi wavelet. Theinversion result from this study can mapping out the hydrocarbon appearance forreservoir target based on cut off value from sensitivity test of less than 2,26 gr/cc.;X field is an oil field in West Natuna Basin with sandstone reservoir asprimary target. There was varying reservoir thickness, so the inversion method thatcould only be applied to map reservoir thickness, which close to tuning thickness.Based on sensitivity analysis, Acoustic Impedance parameters couldn’tindicate hydrocarbon appearance for each well, so Acoustic Impedance cannot beapplied for reservoir characterization in this field. Density versus AcousticImpedance could map hydrocarbon appearance.Shear velocity weren’t available where those data was needed for runningsimultaneous inversion method. Predicting velocity shear would be carried out byusing several method such as Castagna, Gassmann, Parsial, Xu-White, and Lee. Thebest estimated velocity shear would be used for inversion, The best estimated shearvelocity from Xu-White method because Xu-White’s poisson ratio log presentssimilar trend with water saturation log (Sw). Moreover, Xu-White’s ratio aspect isalso considering porosity and clay volume value. Based on quality control result, Vpmodel of Xu-White had minimum error ratio compared to Vp from log.Simultaneous inversion with pre-stack and parsial stack data what can be usedfor predicting P-Impedance, S-Impedance, and density from seismic data. Otherwise,this method is also used not only for single wavelet but also multi wavelet. Theinversion result from this study can mapping out the hydrocarbon appearance forreservoir target based on cut off value from sensitivity test of less than 2,26 gr/cc., X field is an oil field in West Natuna Basin with sandstone reservoir asprimary target. There was varying reservoir thickness, so the inversion method thatcould only be applied to map reservoir thickness, which close to tuning thickness.Based on sensitivity analysis, Acoustic Impedance parameters couldn’tindicate hydrocarbon appearance for each well, so Acoustic Impedance cannot beapplied for reservoir characterization in this field. Density versus AcousticImpedance could map hydrocarbon appearance.Shear velocity weren’t available where those data was needed for runningsimultaneous inversion method. Predicting velocity shear would be carried out byusing several method such as Castagna, Gassmann, Parsial, Xu-White, and Lee. Thebest estimated velocity shear would be used for inversion, The best estimated shearvelocity from Xu-White method because Xu-White’s poisson ratio log presentssimilar trend with water saturation log (Sw). Moreover, Xu-White’s ratio aspect isalso considering porosity and clay volume value. Based on quality control result, Vpmodel of Xu-White had minimum error ratio compared to Vp from log.Simultaneous inversion with pre-stack and parsial stack data what can be usedfor predicting P-Impedance, S-Impedance, and density from seismic data. Otherwise,this method is also used not only for single wavelet but also multi wavelet. Theinversion result from this study can mapping out the hydrocarbon appearance forreservoir target based on cut off value from sensitivity test of less than 2,26 gr/cc.]"

"[ABSTRAKLapangan XXX merupakan lapangan minyak di cekungan Natuna Baratdengan reservoir utama berupa reservoir batu pasir. Ketebalan reservoir padalapangan ini sangat bervariasi sehingga hasil inversi hanya dapat memetakanketebalan reservoir yang mendekati ketebalan tuning.Berdasarkan uji sensitifitas, parameter AI di setiap sumur tidak dapatmembedakan hidrokarbon, sehingga parameter akustik saja tidak dapat diaplikasikandalam karakterisasi reservoir lapangan ini. Namun ketika parameter densitas terpisahdengan parameter kecepatan P, sebaran hidrokarbon dapat dibedakan dengan baik.Kecepatan S tidak tersedia di semua sumur padahal data ini sangat diperlukanuntuk melakukan pengolahan data dengan metode inversi simultan. Oleh karena ituakan dilakukan beberapa estimasi untuk mendapatkan data kecepatan S antara laindengan metode castagna, metode gassmann, metode parsial, metode Xu-White danmetode Lee. Data kecepatan S yang dipakai adalah kecepatan S terbaik yangdiperoleh dari metode Xu White dikarenakan hasil log poisson?s rationya palingmendekati tren kurva saturasi air. Selain itu aspek rasio batuan yangmempertimbangkan nilai porositas dan volume clay, serta kontrol kualitas Vp modeldari metode Xu-White memiliki rasio error minimum jika dibandingkan dengan nilaiVp dari data log.Metode inversi simultan dengan data pre-stack atau partial stackmemungkinkan dilakukannya prediksi parameter Impedansi P, Impedansi S, dandensitas dari data seismik. Selain itu meode inversi simultan dapat dipergunakanmulti wavelet dalam pengolahan datanya. Hasil penampang inversi yang diperolehmenunjukkan bahwa inverse densitas dapat menjelaskan letak sebaran batuanreservoir dan fluida berdasarkan cut off sensitifitas yakni nilai dibawah 2,26 gr/cc.

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ABSTRACTX field is an oil field in West Natuna Basin with sandstone reservoir asprimary target. There was varying reservoir thickness, so the inversion method thatcould only be applied to map reservoir thickness, which close to tuning thickness.Based on sensitivity analysis, Acoustic Impedance parameters couldn?tindicate hydrocarbon appearance for each well, so Acoustic Impedance cannot beapplied for reservoir characterization in this field. Density versus AcousticImpedance could map hydrocarbon appearance.Shear velocity weren?t available where those data was needed for runningsimultaneous inversion method. Predicting velocity shear would be carried out byusing several method such as Castagna, Gassmann, Parsial, Xu-White, and Lee. Thebest estimated velocity shear would be used for inversion, The best estimated shearvelocity from Xu-White method because Xu-White?s poisson ratio log presentssimilar trend with water saturation log (Sw). Moreover, Xu-White?s ratio aspect isalso considering porosity and clay volume value. Based on quality control result, Vpmodel of Xu-White had minimum error ratio compared to Vp from log.Simultaneous inversion with pre-stack and parsial stack data what can be usedfor predicting P-Impedance, S-Impedance, and density from seismic data. Otherwise,this method is also used not only for single wavelet but also multi wavelet. Theinversion result from this study can mapping out the hydrocarbon appearance forreservoir target based on cut off value from sensitivity test of less than 2,26 gr/cc.;X field is an oil field in West Natuna Basin with sandstone reservoir asprimary target. There was varying reservoir thickness, so the inversion method thatcould only be applied to map reservoir thickness, which close to tuning thickness.Based on sensitivity analysis, Acoustic Impedance parameters couldn?tindicate hydrocarbon appearance for each well, so Acoustic Impedance cannot beapplied for reservoir characterization in this field. Density versus AcousticImpedance could map hydrocarbon appearance.Shear velocity weren?t available where those data was needed for runningsimultaneous inversion method. Predicting velocity shear would be carried out byusing several method such as Castagna, Gassmann, Parsial, Xu-White, and Lee. Thebest estimated velocity shear would be used for inversion, The best estimated shearvelocity from Xu-White method because Xu-White?s poisson ratio log presentssimilar trend with water saturation log (Sw). Moreover, Xu-White?s ratio aspect isalso considering porosity and clay volume value. Based on quality control result, Vpmodel of Xu-White had minimum error ratio compared to Vp from log.Simultaneous inversion with pre-stack and parsial stack data what can be usedfor predicting P-Impedance, S-Impedance, and density from seismic data. Otherwise,this method is also used not only for single wavelet but also multi wavelet. Theinversion result from this study can mapping out the hydrocarbon appearance forreservoir target based on cut off value from sensitivity test of less than 2,26 gr/cc., X field is an oil field in West Natuna Basin with sandstone reservoir asprimary target. There was varying reservoir thickness, so the inversion method thatcould only be applied to map reservoir thickness, which close to tuning thickness.Based on sensitivity analysis, Acoustic Impedance parameters couldn’tindicate hydrocarbon appearance for each well, so Acoustic Impedance cannot beapplied for reservoir characterization in this field. Density versus AcousticImpedance could map hydrocarbon appearance.Shear velocity weren’t available where those data was needed for runningsimultaneous inversion method. Predicting velocity shear would be carried out byusing several method such as Castagna, Gassmann, Parsial, Xu-White, and Lee. Thebest estimated velocity shear would be used for inversion, The best estimated shearvelocity from Xu-White method because Xu-White’s poisson ratio log presentssimilar trend with water saturation log (Sw). Moreover, Xu-White’s ratio aspect isalso considering porosity and clay volume value. Based on quality control result, Vpmodel of Xu-White had minimum error ratio compared to Vp from log.Simultaneous inversion with pre-stack and parsial stack data what can be usedfor predicting P-Impedance, S-Impedance, and density from seismic data. Otherwise,this method is also used not only for single wavelet but also multi wavelet. Theinversion result from this study can mapping out the hydrocarbon appearance forreservoir target based on cut off value from sensitivity test of less than 2,26 gr/cc.]"

"ABSTRAKWest Area berada di Coastal Plain Pekanbaru (CPP) terdiri dari beberapalapangan, yaitu Kasikan, Terantam, Giti, Osam, Berlian. Reservoar utama lapangan iniadalah Bekasap sand yang merupakan bagian dari Formasi Sihapas Group. Dari BekasapSand telah terproduksikan minyak sejak tahun 1974. Selain area menjadi pengembangan ,di West Area ini juga memiliki potensi eksplorasi. Secara geologi, penyebaran dariBekasap Sand merata di seluruh West Area. Daerah penelitian tidak memiliki data logShear Wave (Vs), sehingga diperlukan untuk membuat Vs synthetic. Denganmenggunakan perpaduan persamaan Castagna dan Biot Gassmann yang menggunakanFluid Replacement Modeling (FRM) akan di buat Vs synthetic yang nantinya akanmenjadi input pada proses AVO. Dengan menggunakan metoda Amplitude Versus Offset(AVO) yang didukung oleh data petrofisika diharapkan akan diperoleh model lapanganyang sudah terbukti memiliki reservoar minyak dan akan dijadikan sebagai acuan untukmencari kandidat sumur eksplorasi.

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ABSTRACTWest Area that located in the Coastal Plain Pekanbaru (CPP) block, consists ofseveral oil fields, Kasikan, Terantam, Giti, Osam and Berlian field. The main reservoir ofthis field is Bekasap sand that is part of Sihapas Group. Bekasap sand reservoir hadproduced oil since 1974. Beside West area as of development oil field and also hasexploration potential. Geologically, Bekasap sand reservoir has a good distributionthroughout the West Area. Due to area of interest has no log data shear wave ( Vs), so itis necessary to make some synthetics. By combining from Castagna equation and BiotGassmann Equation using Fluid Replacement, the modeling will construct synthetic Vsas input for AVO. By using the method of Amplitude Versus Offset (AVO) thatsupported from petrophysisct data, it is expected to build a field models that shown oilreservoir and it will be used as reference to for searching exploration wells candidate."

"Karbonat Oligosen-Miosen di Cekungan Jawa Timur, atau Formasi Kujung 1, telah memberi kontribusi terhadap penemuan cadangan hidrokarbon sejak tahun 1990-an. Beberapa studi dilakukan untuk karakterisasi reservoar didominasi oleh penggunaan data pre-stack untuk membedakan antar fluida. Dengan adanya ketersediaan data seismik post-stack pada Lapangan “PATRA”, dilakukan integrasi antara analisis petrofisika dan analisis multi-atribut untuk melengkapi hasil inversi seismik post-stack. Studi ini menghasilkan volume petrofisika semu (kandungan serpih, porositas dan saturasi) menggunakan 5 kombinasi atribut seismik yang ditentukan melalui analisis multi-atribut. Atribut ini termasuk atribut eksternal (impedansi akustik hasil inversi berbasis model) dan atribut internal (amplitudo sesaat, frekuensi sesaat, fase sesaat, polaritas semu, frekuensi rata-rata dan frekuensi dominan). Jika atribut impedansi akustik digunakan untuk menghasilkan parameter petrofisika, maka error berkisar pada 32-57%. Penggunaaan multi atribut, dan juga PNN, mengurangi error ini menjadi 32-40% hingga 19-35%. Interpretasi seismik terintegrasi ini memungkinkan untuk delineasi zona interest yang berpotensi. PROMETHEUS dengan ketebalan ~213 ft dan luas 58.268.238 ft2 memiliki rata-rata kandungan serpih, porositas dan saturasi air sebesar 0,12-0,25, 0,3 dan 0,7. Prospek ini memiliki estimasi Hydrocarbon Initially in Place sebesar ~930.835.102 scf.

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The Oligocene-Miocene carbonates of the East Java Basin, or the Kujung 1 Fm., have contributed significant hydrocarbon discoveries since the 1990s. Multiple studies conducted for reservoir characterization dominantly use pre-stack information to differentiate fluids. With the availability of post-stack seismic data Field “PATRA”, the integration of petrophysical analysis and multi-attribute analysis is done to enhance the results of post-stack inversion. This study created pseudo-petrophysical volumes (shale content, porosity and water saturation) using 5 combinations of seismic attributes through multi-attribute analysis. These attributes include external attributes (inverted P-Impedance from model-based inversion) and internal attributes (instantaneous amplitude, instantaneous frequency, instantaneous phase, apparent polarity, average frequency and dominant frequency). If a single attribute of P-impedance is used to derive the petrophysical parameter, the error ranges 32-57%. The use of multi attributes, and then PNN, reduced this error to 32-40% to 19-35%. The integration of seismic interpretation made it possible to delineate a potential zone of interest. PROMETHEUS with a thickness of ~213 ft and an area of 58,268,238 ft2 has average shale content, porosity and water saturation value of 0.12-0.25, 0.3 and 0.7. This zone of interest has an estimated Hydrocarbon Initially in Place of ~930,835,102 scf."

"Cekungan Teluk Meksiko (GOM) merupakan salah satu mega area penghasil hidrokarbon di dunia yang telah dieksplorasi dan diproduksi selama lebih dari 100 tahun. Salah satu tahapan penting setelah eksplorasi lapangan adalah melakukan evaluasi atau penilaian untuk pengembangan lapangan sebagai takaran seberapa besar akumulasi hidrokarbon yang dapat diambil. Pada penelitian kali ini akan dibangun model geologi berdasarkan data seismik dan data sumur yang dapat menggambarkan distribusi dan geometri model fasies untuk setiap lingkungan pengendapan dalam suatu kerangka struktur 3D serta properti petrofisika pada distribusi reservoar dalam setiap model lapisan. Pemodelan reservoar tersebut didasarkan oleh hasil interpretasi dan analisa dari integrasi visualisasi beberapa attribut seismik yang berkorelasi terhadap penentuan struktur patahan maupun penentuan lithologi fasies serta distribusi parameter petrofisik yang memungkinkan. Hasil perhitungan volumetrik dari evaluasi lapangan ini dapat dijadikan referensi untuk menghasilkan rekomendasi maupun optimalisasi nilai keekonomian dari cadangan gas lapangan Gulf of Mexico.

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Gulf of Mexico Basin (GOM) is one of the mega-producing areas of hydrocarbon in the world that have been explored and produced for over 100 years. One of important step after exploration of the field is to conduct an evaluation or appraisal for field development as a measure of how large an accumulation of hydrocarbons that can be taken.

This study is to construct the geological model based on seismic data and well data that can describe the distribution and geometry of facies models for each deposition environment in a 3D structural framework and also the reservoir petrophysical properties distribution for each layer model. Reservoir modeling is based on the results of interpretation and analysis from the integration of visualization of some seismic attributes which are correlated to the structural identification, distribution of lithofacies, and distribution of possible petrophysical properties.

Results of volumetric calculations from this field evaluation can be used as a reference in providing recommendations and optimizing economic value of gas reserves (GIIP) in the Gulf of Mexico field."

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Dalam kurun beberapa tahun ini telah terjadi pertumbuhan eksponensial terus-menerus dalam permintaan transmisi serat optik untuk aplikasi penghubung antar pulau, sistem fiber darat melewati bibir pantai (festoon), dan penggunaan transmisi terestrial rentang panjang untuk daerah terpencil. Sistem transmisi rentang panjang tanpa repeater dengan menggunakan amplifikasi Raman terdistribusi adalah solusi hemat biaya untuk menjembatani jarak transmisi beberapa ratus kilometer. Kerr nonlinier distorsi dan Raman amplifier noise telah diidentifikasi sebagai dua faktor kendala utama dalam meningkatkan performansi transmisi dan peningkatan jarak jangkauan. Konfigurasi fiber core hibrida yang terbentuk dari struktur tiga segmen diusulkan sebagai alternatif pengganti atas fiber core konvensional berstruktur homogen satu segmen. Karena ukuran fiber core dapat berubah sepanjang propagasi, maka rumus baku amplifikasi Raman harus ditulis ulang menjadi rumus umum dimana ukuran fiber core tidak lagi merupakan nilai konstan tetapi variabel atas jarak sepanjang propagasi. Dengan menggunakan persamaan Raman standar dan penulisan ulang ukuran fiber core (fiber effective core area) sebagai fungsi jarak propagasi, maka penelitian ini mengusulkan pemodelan rumusan umum yang baru (new generalized formula) agar sesuai untuk diaplikasikan pada sistem dengan struktur multi-segmen. Hasil analisis numerik menunjukkan bahwa perbaikan atas nonlinear phase shift dan optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) dapat dicapai secara bersamaan. Pencapaian ini tidak mungkin didapat jika hanya menggunakan struktur konvensional dengan fiber core tunggal (homogen). Dilakukan simulasi untuk mengetahui peningkatan kinerja transmisi dan perpanjangan jarak transmisi rentang panjang tanpa menggunakan repeater. Penggunaan fiber core hibrida dengan struktur tiga segmen mengindikasikan adanya peningkatan fleksibilitas gain profile pada sistem transmisi menggunakan Raman amplifier-terdistribusi, pengurangan dampak negatif dari efek nonlinier Kerr yang disebabkan oleh tingginya sinyal power, dan peningkatan OSNR yang disebabkan oleh penurunan amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE) dari Raman pump. Rentang transmisi tiga segmen dengan inti serat optik berstruktur hibrida dapat mengurangi akumulasi nonlinear phase shift sebesar 1.29 radian, meningkatkan OSNR sebesar 0.31 dB, dan meningkatkan performansi transmisi atas sinyal bermodulasi DQPSK dibandingkan dengan fiber core konvensional berstruktur tunggal. Hasil simulasi performansi BER pada sinyal berkecepatan 80 Gb/s menunjukkan penurunan OSNR yang dibutuhkan sebesar 2.71 dB untuk target BER sebesar 10^-9. Dilakukan pengujian atas BER performansi untuk berbagai kecepatan data (40, 60, 80, dan 100 Gb/s) dengan hasil yang menunjukkan stabilitas dan konsistensi kinerja sistem untuk berbagai kecepatan data yang berbeda. Studi analitik dan simulasi kanal-tunggal pada panjang gelombang tunggal dengan menggunakan fiber core tiga segmen berstruktur hibrida ini dapat digunakan sebagai pedoman dasar untuk studi lebih lanjut untuk skema amplifikasi broadband Raman multi-kanal multi-panjang gelombang. Selanjutnya dalam penelitian ini, berdasarkan pemodelan amplifikasi Raman terdistribusi dua arah dilakukan pengujian gain profile atas berbagai kemungkinan perbandingan power antara forward pump dan backward pump. Dilakukan peninjauan analitik atas pengaruh dari ukuran fiber core dan distorsi sinyal akibat Kerr nonlinier efek. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan inti serat optik berukuran besar dapat menghasilkan OSNR yang lebih tinggi dan nonlinear phase shift yang lebih kecil dibandingkan dengan yang berukuran kecil, oleh karena itu fiber core berukuran besar dapat diharapkan memberikan kinerja transmisi yang lebih baik dibandingkan dengan fiber core berukuran kecil. Dua jenis bentuk pulsa (NRZ dan RZ) dimodelkan dan disimulasikan untuk mengurangi distorsi nonlinier dan meningkatkan kinerja transmisi serat kemungkinan untuk memperpanjang jarak transmisi sistem rentang panjang. Hasil simulasi 40 Gb/s dengan modulasi DPSK berjarak 400 km menggunakan fiber 150 μm² menunjukkan bahwa target BER sebesar 10^-9 dapat dicapai oleh sinyal dengan bentuk pulsa RZ dengan OSNR pinalti sebesar 2.90 dB dibandingkan pulsa NRZ dengan OSNR pinati sebesar 4.68 dB, hal ini menunjukkan pengurangan OSNR pinalti sebesar 1.78 dB untuk pulsa RZ. Pengaturan sinyal power yang tepat pada titik trasmit sangat penting untuk mencapai penanganan noise yang lebih baik serta mendapatkan tingkat OSNR yang mencukupi pada sisi penerima. Dilakukan penyelidikan atas dampak dari fluktuasi input power terhadap performansi transmisi. Jika input power berfluktuasi dari nilai optimum (seperti 0 dBm pada simulasi ini), maka fiber dengan ukuran effective core area yang lebih besar dan menggunakan sinyal dengan pulsa RZ akan memberikan toleransi yang lebih baik atas perubahan input power dan memberikan transmisi pinalti lebih kecil, hal ini sangat cocok untuk transmisi rentang panjang.

 

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Over the years, there has been continual exponential growth in the demand for optical fiber transmission for applications in the areas of inter-island hopping, coastal festoon systems, and the use of single ultra-long span terrestrial links in remote regions. Ultra-long span unrepeatered systems using distributed Raman amplification are cost-effective solutions for bridging several hundred kilometers transmission distances. Kerr nonlinear distortion and Raman amplifier noise have been identified as two major limiting factors in improving the transmission performance and extending reachable distance. A configuration of a hybrid fiber effective core area consisting of a three-segment structure was proposed as an alternative to conventional single-segment fiber effective core area structure. Since the value of the fiber effective core area changes along the propagation distance, the standard Raman amplification formulas should be rewritten to generalized formulas where the fiber effective core area is no longer a constant value but a function of propagation distance. Based on standard Raman coupled equations and rewriting the fiber effective core area as a function of propagation distance, the new generalized formulas suitable for the multi-segment structure have been modeled and proposed in this study. The numerical analysis results show that improvements to the nonlinear phase shift and optical signal-to-noise ratio (OSNR) can be achieved simultaneously. This achievement would be impossible with the sole use of a conventional single fiber core structure. An improvement of the transmission performance and the possibility to extend the transmission distance of unrepeatered ultra-long span system were simulated. The introduction of a hybrid fiber effective core area in a three-segment structure indicated an increase in the flexibility of the gain profile of the distributed Raman amplified link, a reduction of the negative impact of the nonlinear Kerr effect due to the high signal power, and improvement of the delivered OSNR by means of the reduction of the Raman optical pump-induced amplified spontaneous emissions (ASE). The three-segment transmission span with the hybrid fiber effective core area reduced the accumulated nonlinear phase shift by 1.29 radian, increased the delivered OSNR by 0.31 dB, and improved the transmission performance of the DQPSK-modulated signal compared to the conventional single fiber core structure. The simulated BER performance of the 80 Gb/s data signal showed the reduction of the required OSNR by 2.71 dB to achieve the target BER of 10⁻⁹. BER performance for various data rates (40, 60, 80, and 100 Gb/s) was examined, and the results showed the stability and consistency of the system performance across different data rates. These single-channel analytical and simulation studies on a three-segment hybrid fiber effective core area structure could be used as basic guidelines for further studies on the multi-channel broadband multi-wavelength Raman amplification scheme. Furthermore in this study, the gain profiles of various forward and backward pump power ratios are examined based on bidirectional pumped distributed Raman amplification model. The impact of fiber effective core area to amplification gain of bidirectional Raman, signal distortion due to Kerr nonlinear effect, Raman amplifier induced noise, and optical signal-to-noise ratio are analytically investigated. This study shows that a large effective core area fiber provides higher OSNR and smaller nonlinear phase shift compare to a small one. Therefore a large effective core area fibers can be expected to provide a better transmission performance compared to a small effective core area fiber. Two types of pulse shapes (NRZ and RZ) are modeled and simulated to reduce the nonlinear distortion and improve the transmission performance and the possibility to extend the transmission distance of ultra-long span system. Simulation of  DBPSK modulated signal at a data rate of 40 Gb/s for 400 km transmission link using a large effective core fiber 150 μm² shows that the target BER of 10^-9 can be achieved by RZ pulse shaped signal with OSNR penalty at 2.90 dB compared to NRZ pulse at 4.68 dB, a significant OSNR penalty reduction of 1.78 dB on RZ pulse. An appropriate setting of the signal power level at the fiber launching point is important to achieve better noise performance to get an acceptable OSNR level at the receiver. The impact of input power fluctuation on the transmission performance and required OSNR are investigated. When the input power fluctuates from the optimum value (such as 0 dBm on our simulation), the fiber with a larger effective core area and signal in RZ pulse shape has better input power tolerance and less transmission penalty that is suitable for bidirectional Raman amplified ultra-long span systems.

 

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