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"Kebutuhan akan media pengemas semakin meningkat seiring dengan perubahan era yang serba instan. Sebagian besar kemasan masih menggunakan plastik yang sulit terurai karena masih minimnya kemasan yang berbahan baku ramah lingkungan. Salah satu upaya untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut adalah dengan mengolahnya menjadi bioplastik. Pada penelitian ini bioplastik diproduksi dengan variasi jenis pengisi lempung dan kitosan sehingga diperoleh karakteristiknya terhadap parameter uji mekanik yang berupa elongasi dan kuat tarik, uji fisik berupa biodegradabilitas dan daya serap air, uji sifat morfologi dan uji gugus fungsi. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, selulosa daun nanas digunakan sebagai bahan baku utama pembuatan bioplastik. Selulosa terlebih dahulu diekstraksi baru kemudian dicampur dengan plasticizer gliserol, pengisi kitosan dan lempung dengan variasi komposisinya adalah 4 : 0,8 gram; 3,2 : 1,6 gram; 2,4 : 2,4 gram; 1,6 : 3,4 gram; dan 0,8 gram : 4gram. Hasil formulasi bioplastik kemudian dicetak untuk selanjutnya dikarakterisasi dengan berbagai uji, baik uji mekanik yang berupa elongasi dan kuat tarik, uji fisik berupa biodegradabilitas dan daya serap air, uji sifat morfologi menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), dan uji gugus fungsi menggunakan Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa sampel bioplastik memiliki gugus fungsi yang serupa dan terlihat tidak membentuk gugus fungsi baru. Sifat fisik terbaik berupa daya serap air dimiliki oleh sampel BKC1 dengan persentase yang dihasilkan sebesar 62,8%. Sedangkan sampel BKC5 memiliki nilai yang cukup tinggi sebesar 87,7%. Meskipun daya serap air BKC5 memiliki nilai yang paling tinggi, sampel tersebut laju biodegradasinya adalah yang paling cepat yang mampu terdegradasi yaitu selama 8 hari, sedangkan sampel BKC1 adalah yang paling lambat terdegradasi, yaitu selama 23 hari. Sifat mekanik pada penelitian ini menghasilkan nilai kuat tarik tertinggi sebesar 4,99 N/mm2 dengan elongasi saat putus sebesar 30,20% oleh sampel BKC1 dan kuat tarik terendah pada sampel BKC5 sebesar 1,45 N/mm2 dengan elongasi saat putus 13,01%. Hasil uji SEM pada penelitian ini menunjukkan adanya kemerataan pada sampel bioplastik dengan pengisi khususnya pada pengisi lempung terlihat bahwa adanya pori-pori yang terbentuk seiring penambahan komposisi. Dari penelitian ini terlihat bahwa dengan adanya penambahan pengisi dapat memperbaiki karakteristik bioplastik dari selulosa daun nanas menjadi lebih baik.

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The demand for packaging materials is increasing as we transition into an era of instant consumption. Most packaging still relies on non-biodegradable plastics, leading to environmental concerns. One way to address this issue is by producing bioplastics. In this research, bioplastics were produced using a combination of clay and chitosan as fillers to achieve specific characteristics related to mechanical properties (elongation and tensile strength), physical properties (biodegradability and water absorption), morphology, and functional groups analysis. Pineapple leaf cellulose was used as the main raw material for bioplastic production. The cellulose was first extracted and then mixed with glycerol as a plasticizer, chitosan, and clay fillers in various compositions: 4 : 0.8 grams, 3.2 : 1.6 grams, 2.4 : 2.4 grams, 1.6 : 3.4 grams, and 0.8 grams : 4 grams. The formulated bioplastic samples were then molded and characterized through various tests, including mechanical tests (elongation and tensile strength), physical tests (biodegradability and water absorption), morphology analysis using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and functional group analysis using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The results of this research showed that the bioplastic samples had similar functional groups and did not form new functional groups. The best physical property in terms of water absorption was observed in sample BKC1, which had a water absorption percentage of 62.8%. On the other hand, sample BKC5 had a relatively high water absorption value of 87.7%. Although BKC5 had the highest water absorption, it also exhibited the fastest biodegradation rate, degrading within 8 days. In contrast, BKC1 had the slowest degradation rate, taking 22 days to degrade. Regarding mechanical properties, the research yielded the highest tensile strength of 4,99 N/mm2 and elongation at break of 30,20% for sample BKC1, while the lowest tensile strength of 1,45 N/mm2 and elongation at break of 13,01% were observed in sample BKC5. SEM analysis showed uniformity in the bioplastics samples, particularly with clay fillers, where the formation of pores increased with higher filler compositions. From this research, it can be seen that the addition of fillers can improve the characteristics of bioplastics made from pineapple leaf cellulose."

"Increased plastic waste in the environment, particularly in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, has the potential to affect the abundance of microplastics in the surrounding waters. Microplastics, which are very small in size (<5mm), can be accidentally ingested by marine organisms such as Terebralia palustris and have negative effects on marine life, the environment, and humans. This study aims to analyze the comparison of microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, in 2022 and 2023, as well as to determine the correlation between microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment. Twenty samples of T.palustris and sediment were collected at four stations in 2022 and 2023. The body tissue of T.palustris was separated from its shell, then dissolved with HNO3 and added to saturated NaCl. Sediment samples were dissolved with saturated NaCl. Microplastic abundance was observed and calculated using a Sedgwick Rafter Chamber under a microscope. Four forms of microplastics were observed in the T. palustris and sediment samples, namely fibers, fragments, films, and granules. The results showed an increase in microplastic abundance from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the microplastic abundance was 363,592 ± 11,511 particles/g in T. palustris and 66,69 ± 7,638 particles/g in sediment, while in 2023, it reached 406,574 ± 6,154 particles/g in T. palustris and 79,7 ± 12,992 particles/g in sediment. From 2022 to 2023, the abundance of microplastic in T.palustris (particle/g) increased by 5%, T.palustris (particle/individual) increased by 37%, and sediment by 19%. There is a positive correlation between the microplastic abundance of T.palustris and sediment, with value of 0,768 obtained from the Spearman correlation test.Increased plastic waste in the environment, particularly in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, has the potential to affect the abundance of microplastics in the surrounding waters. Microplastics, which are very small in size (<5mm), can be accidentally ingested by marine organisms such as Terebralia palustris and have negative effects on marine life, the environment, and humans. This study aims to analyze the comparison of microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, in 2022 and 2023, as well as to determine the correlation between microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment. Twenty samples of T.palustris and sediment were collected at four stations in 2022 and 2023. The body tissue of T.palustris was separated from its shell, then dissolved with HNO3 and added to saturated NaCl. Sediment samples were dissolved with saturated NaCl. Microplastic abundance was observed and calculated using a Sedgwick Rafter Chamber under a microscope. Four forms of microplastics were observed in the T. palustris and sediment samples, namely fibers, fragments, films, and granules. The results showed an increase in microplastic abundance from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the microplastic abundance was 363,592 ± 11,511 particles/g in T. palustris and 66,69 ± 7,638 particles/g in sediment, while in 2023, it reached 406,574 ± 6,154 particles/g in T. palustris and 79,7 ± 12,992 particles/g in sediment. From 2022 to 2023, the abundance of microplastic in T.palustris (particle/g) increased by 5%, T.palustris (particle/individual) increased by 37%, and sediment by 19%. There is a positive correlation between the microplastic abundance of T.palustris and sediment, with value of 0,768 obtained from the Spearman correlation test.

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Increased plastic waste in the environment, particularly in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, has the potential to affect the abundance of microplastics in the surrounding waters. Microplastics, which are very small in size (<5mm), can be accidentally ingested by marine organisms such as Terebralia palustris and have negative effects on marine life, the environment, and humans. This study aims to analyze the comparison of microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment in the mangrove forest of Pulau Rambut, Jakarta Bay, in 2022 and 2023, as well as to determine the correlation between microplastic abundance in T.palustris and sediment. Twenty samples of T.palustris and sediment were collected at four stations in 2022 and 2023. The body tissue of T.palustris was separated from its shell, then dissolved with HNO3 and added to saturated NaCl. Sediment samples were dissolved with saturated NaCl. Microplastic abundance was observed and calculated using a Sedgwick Rafter Chamber under a microscope. Four forms of microplastics were observed in the T. palustris and sediment samples, namely fibers, fragments, films, and granules. The results showed an increase in microplastic abundance from 2022 to 2023. In 2022, the microplastic abundance was 363,592 ± 11,511 particles/g in T. palustris and 66,69 ± 7,638 particles/g in sediment, while in 2023, it reached 406,574 ± 6,154 particles/g in T. palustris and 79,7 ± 12,992 particles/g in sediment. From 2022 to 2023, the abundance of microplastic in T.palustris (particle/g) increased by 5%, T.palustris (particle/individual) increased by 37%, and sediment by 19%. There is a positive correlation between the microplastic abundance of T.palustris and sediment, with value of 0,768 obtained from the Spearman correlation test."

"Tujuan dari penelitian adalah untuk menghasilkan selulosa mikrokristal melalui hidrolisis α- selulosa serbuk eceng gondok dan membandingkan karakteristiknya dengan pembanding (Avicel PH 101). α-selulosa eceng gondok disiapkan melalui biodelignifikasi menggunakan kapang pelapuk putih Trametes versicolor. Selulase dari rayap Macrotermes gilvus dimurnikan dengan fraksinasi ammonium sulfat, dialisis, dan kromatografi kolom.Hasil hidrolisis ditingkatkan dengan mengoptimalkan suhu, pH, dan waktu hidrolisis. Identifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) dan Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal menggunakan Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) dan pola difraksi menggunakan Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) dibandingkan dengan Avicel PH 101.Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rendemen α-selulosa dari biodelignifikasi adalah 40% b/b terhadap serbuk eceng gondok. Selulase murni dari Macrotermes gilvus menunjukkan aktivitas tinggi 11,743 U/mL membentuk area zona bening 49 mm dengan indeks selulolitik 7,16. Hidrolisis optimum dengan selulase dicapai pada 50⁰C, pH 6,0, selama 2 jam, dengan yield 90,89% MCC.Hasil karakterisasi menunjukkan karakteristik selulosa mikrokristal mirip dengan referensi. MCC dari eceng gondok telah menunjukkan karakteristik mirip dengan referensi dan mungkin berpotensi untuk dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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The purpose of this research is to produce microcrystalline cellulose by hydrolysis of α-cellulose water hyacinth powder and compare its characteristics with a comparison (Avicel PH 101). α-cellulose water hyacinth is prepared through biodelignification using white rot mold Trametes versicolor. Cellulase from termite Macrotermes gilvus was purified by fractionation of ammonium sulfate, dialysis, and column chromatography.

The hydrolysis yield is improved by optimizing temperature, pH, and hydrolysis time. Identification was carried out using Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-Ray (SEM-EDX) and Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), followed by microcrystalline cellulose characterization using Particle Size Analyzer (PSA) and diffraction patterns using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) compared with Avicel PH 101.

The results showed the yield of α-cellulose from biodelignification was 40% w/w on water hyacinth powder. Pure cellulase from Macrotermes gilvus showed high activity of 11.743 U/mL forming a 49 mm clear zone area with a cellulolytic index of 7.16. Optimum hydrolysis with cellulase was achieved at 50⁰C, pH 6.0, for 2 hours, with a yield of 90.89% MCC.

The characterization results showed that microcrystalline cellulose characteristics were similar to references. MCC from water hyacinth has shown characteristics similar to references and may be potential for further development."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapatkan enzim selulase dari kapang terpilih untuk pembuatan selulosa mikrokristal dari kulit buah kapuk. Alfa selulosa didapatkan melalui biodelignifikasi dan enzim selulase murni diperoleh dari galur kapang terpilih. Selulosa mikrokristal didapatkan melalui hidrolisis enzimatis dengan enzim selulase yang telah dimurnikan, lalu diidentifikasi dengan analisa kualitatif Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dan differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), diikuti oleh karakterisasi selulosa mikrokristal seperti x-ray diffraction (XRD), analisis ukuran dan distribusi partikel, dan pengukuran scanning electron microscope-energy dispersive x-ray (SEM-EDX). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa biodelignifikasi terbaik dilakukan pada suhu 40˚C menghasilkan14,88% α-selulosa. Penicillium sp. sebagai kapang terpilih memiliki aktivitas selulase tertinggi dengan indeks selulolitik 4,83 dan aktivitas selulase sebesar 0,04299 U/mL. Fraksi pertama digunakan untuk hidrolisis memiliki aktivitas tertinggi yaitu 649,68 mU/mL. Hasil identifikasi FTIR menunjukkan kemiripan diagram dengan Avicel PH 101 dengan titik lebur 244,580˚C. Karakterisasi XRD menunjukkan kristalinitas pada 2 puncak 2Ɵ (deg) nilai 22,58 dengan intensitas 634 dan nilai 21,85 dengan intensitas 51. Susut pengeringan 3,74%, derajat keasaman pH 7,0, ukuran partikel antara 13,06 hingga 196,79μm, kerapatan serbuk ruah 0,111 g/cm3, serbuk mampat 0,235 g/cm3, laju alir cukup baik, SEM-EDX menunjukkan bentuk morfologi selulosa mikrokristal kulit buah kapuk berbentuk memanjang. Selulosa mikrokristal kulit buah kapuk telah menunjukkan karakteristik yang berbeda dengan referensi dan dapat dikembangkan lebih lanjut.

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This study aims to obtain cellulase enzymes from selected molds for microcrystalline cellulose preparation from α-cellulose of kapok pericarpium. Alpha cellulose was obtained by biodelignification and the purified cellulase was obtained from selected mold. The Microcrystalline cellulose that obtained from enzymatic hydrolysis then identified by qualitative analysis, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), followed by characterization of microcrystalline cellulose includes X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Particle Size and Distribution Analysis (PSA), and Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX). Biodelignification carried out at a temperature of 40C produced 14.88% α-cellulose, Penicillium sp. as the selected mold had the highest cellulase activity with a cellulolytic index of 4.83 and cellulase activity of 0.04299 U/mL. The first fraction used for hydrolysis had the highest activity of 649.68 mU/mL. FTIR identification showed a similarity with Avicel PH 101 with a melting point of 244.580C. XRD characterization was showed the crystallinity at 2 peaks 2Ɵ (deg) 22.58 with intensity 634 and 21.85 with intensity 51. Loss on drying was 3.74%, pH was 7.0, particle size ranged from 13.06 to 196.79 um, bulk density and tapped density were 0.111 g/cm3 and 0.235 g/cm3, the flow rate character is quite good, and SEM-EDX was showed that the morphological shape of the microcrystalline cellulose of the kapok pericarpium is elongated. Microcrystalline cellulose has shown a difference in characteristic and can be furthered."

"Frukto-oligosakarida (FOS) merupakan suatu oligosakarida yang memiliki fungsi prebiotik dan dapat dimanfaatkan dalam bidang kesehatan. Penicillium notatum merupakan mikoorganisme jenis kapang yang diketahui memiliki kemampuan untuk mensintesis senyawa FOS. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan fermentasi cair dengan menggunakan sukrosa 20% sebagai substrat dalam pembentukan FOS. Fermentasi dilakukan selama 7 hari. Selama fermentasi berlangsung jumlah sukrosa, fruktosa, glukosa, dan FOS diamati dan dianalisis dengan HPLC. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa jumlah sukrosa menurun seiring berjalannya waktu diikuti dengan meningkatnya jumlah glukosa dan FOS. Jumlah optimum FOS, diperoleh pada waktu fermentasi antara 70-75 jam. Komponen dari FOS dianalisis dengan menghidrolisis FOS murni yang telah diisolasi. Hasil menunjukkan bahwa FOS terdiri dari glukosa dan fruktosa.

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Frukto-oligosaccharides (FOS) is an oligosaccharide which has a function as prebiotic and can be used as health food. Penicillium notatum is fungi which is know to have the ability to synthesize FOS. In this study, liquid fermentation of 20% sucrose was used as substrate. Fermentation was carried out for 7 days. During the fermentation, the amount of sucrose, fructose, glucose, and FOS were observed by HPLC analysis.

The analysis showed that the concentration of sucrose reduced where as the concentration of glucose and FOS increased. The optimum amount of FOS was obtained between 70-75 hours. The component of FOS was analyzed by hydrolyzed from isolated FOS with 1M HCl. The results shows that FOS consist of glucose and fructose."

"Abstrak Keunggulan enzim adalah spesifisitasnya pada suatu substrat. Salah satu enzim yang banyak dimanfaatkan adalah glukosa oksidase (GOD). GOD merupakan enzim yang bereaksi secara spesifik dalam mengkatalisis reaksi oksidasi b-D-glukosa menjadi senyawa D-glukonolakton dan hidrogen peroksida. Enzim ini banyak dihasilkan kapang dari genus Aspergillus dan Penicillium. Enzim dari genus Aspergillus umumnya intraseluler, sementara yang dari genus Penicillium umumnya ekstraseluler.Pada penelitian ini akan diisolasi GOD dari Penicillium notatum 727. Mula-mula dilakukan penentuan waktu inkubasi optimum dan pH media optimum untuk produksi enzim GOD. Selanjutnya, isolasi dilakukan pada waktu inkubasi optimum, yaitu 45 jam dan pH media optimum, yaitu 5,4. Dari hasil isolasi diperoleh ekstrak kasar enzim dengan aktivitas spesifik 0,2138 U/mg protein. Selanjutnya ekstrak enzim yang dihasilkan dimurnikan lebih lanjut. Langkah awal adalah dengan pengendapan secara terfraksi dengan (NH4)2SO4. Enzim dengan aktivitas spesifik paling tinggi diperoleh dari fraksi 60-80 % (NH4)2SO4 yaitu sebesar 2,0968 U/mg protein. Selanjutnya enzim dimurnikan lebih lanjut dengan dialisis. Dari hasil dialisis diperoleh enzim dengan aktivitas spesifik lebih tinggi yaitu 2,4909 U/mg protein. Enzim hasil dialisis kemudian ditentukan pH dan suhu optimum aktivitas katalitiknya. Diperoleh pH optimum enzim pada pH 6,0 dan temperatur optimum 40 ?C.Penentuan aktifitas enzim dilakukan dengan metode spektroskopi UV-Visibel yang dimodifikasi oleh Markwell et al dengan menggunakan benzokuinon. Metode ini didasari oleh prinsip reduksi enzimatis benzokuinon menjadi hidrokuinon yang diukur kenaikan absorbansinya pada 290 nm. Sedangkan penentuan kadar protein dilakukan dengan metode Lowry. Kata kunci: Penicillium notatum, enzim, glukosa oksidase, isolasi, purifikasi. xv + 55 ; tabel 4; gambar 7; lampiran 7 Bibliografi : 20 (1959-2004)"