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"Benzene Toluene dan Xylene (BTX) merupakan komponen penting dalam industri petrokimia. Konversi minyak jarak menjadi BTX dilakukan melalui reaksi perengkahan dan aromatisasi trigliserida secara simultan dengan katalis ZSM-5 yang diimpregnasi dengan logam nikel. Katalis ZSM-5 berperan dalam reaksi perengkahan minyak jarak sedangkan logam nikel akan memicu terjadinya reaksi aromatisasi. Reaksi dilakukan pada fasa cair dalam reaktor tumpak (batch) bertekanan atmosferik dengan rasio massa katalis/reaktan 1:75. Produk gas yang terbentuk dianalisis dengan Gas Chromatography. Produk utama yang diperoleh adalah alkana C1-C5 dan BTX. Pada suhu 310oC diperoleh konversi reaksi 29,43% dan selektivitas BTX sebesar 50% volume setelah waktu reaksi 36 menit.

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Benzene Toluene and Xylene (BTX) are important feedstock in petrochemical industries. Conversion of castor oil to BTX is held by simultaneous reactions of triglycerides cracking and aromatization over nickel impregnated ZSM-5 catalyst. ZSM-5 catalyst contributes to the cracking reactions while nickel contributes to the dehydrogenation reactions.

The experiments were carried out in batch reactor at liquid phase under atmospheric pressure. Mass ratio of catalyst/reactant was 1:75. The gaseous products were analyzed by a gas chromatograph fitted with PEG column and FID detector. The major products obtained were light alkene C1-C5 and BTX. At 310oC, the reactions gave 29.43% conversion and BTX selectivity was 50% volume after 36 minutes reaction time."

"Dalam penelitian ini, minyak jarak dikonversi menjadi BTX melalui reaksi simultan perengkahan dan dehidrogenasi. Katalis yang digunakan adalah ZSM-5 yang diimpregnasi dengan logam Zn (Zn-ZSM-5) dengan tujuan untuk memadukan fungsi asam ZSM-5 dan fungsi dehidrogenasi logam Zn. Reaksi dilangsungkan secara semi-batch pada fasa cair dan tekanan atmosferik dengan rasio massa katalis/minyak jarak 1:75. Variasi yang digunakan adalah suhu reaksi (300°C, 310°C, dan 320°C). Produk gas yang diperoleh dianalisis dengan menggunakan GC. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa produk gas mengandung BTX dan C1-C5 dengan fraksi produk BTX tertinggi sebesar 45,18% volume diperoleh pada waktu 48 menit dari suhu optimum 310°C.

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In this research, castor oil is converted into BTX through simultaneous reaction of cracking and dehydrogenation. The catalyst used is ZSM-5 impregnated with Zn metal (Zn-ZSM-5) in order to combine acid function of ZSM-5 and dehydrogenation function of Zn metal. The reaction is conducted in a semi-batch reactor in liquid phase and atmospheric pressure with catalyst/oil mass ratio 1:75.

Variation to be used is reaction temperature (300°C, 310°C, and 320°C). Gas product is analyzed by using GC. The result shows that gas product mainly consists of BTX and C1-C5. The maximum BTX fraction is obtained at 48 minute from 310°C optimum temperature with the result of 45,18% volume."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh suhu, variabel kontak, dan komposisi campuran katalis HZSM-5 dengan Al2O3 dalam reaksi konversi etanol agar diperoleh yield benzena, toluena, dan xilena (BTX) yang maksimal. Proses ini dilakukan melalui reaksi perengkahan dan aromatisasi dengan menggunakan metode analisis GC-FID. Secara umum, konversi dan yield BTX akan meningkat seiring dengan kenaikan suhu dan variabel kontak. Sedangkan konversi akan menurun seiring dengan penambahan jumlah katalis HZSM-5 terhadap Al2O3, tetapi yield BTX akan meningkat. Dari penelitian ini diperoleh bahwa komposisi 90% HZSM-5 pada suhu 450°C dan variabel kontak 1,06 jam merupakan kondisi optimal untuk mencapai konversi maksimal sebesar 99,9% dan total yield BTX sebesar 25,9%.

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This study aimed to find out the effect of temperature, contact variable, and the composition of the mixture of HZSM-5 catalyst with Al2O3 in ethanol conversion reaction in order to obtain the maximum yield of benzene, toluene, and xylene (BTX). This reaction can be done with cracking and aromatization reactions using GC-FID analysis method. Generically, conversion and yield of BTX will increase with increasing temperature and contact variable. While the conversion will decrease with increasing amount of HZSM-5 catalyst against Al2O3, but the yield will increase. These results indicate that the composition of 90% HZSM-5 at a temperature of 450°C and contact variable of 1.06 hours are variable optimal conditions to achieve maximum conversion of 99.9% and total BTX yield of 25.9%."

"Tempurung kelapa merupakan biomassa hasil samping pengolahan buah kelapa yang pemanfaatannya belum optimal karena dianggap sebagai limbah tak bernilai. Dalam proses pengembangannya, limbah tempurung kelapa memiliki peluang yang besar untuk dimanfaatkan sebagai produk dengan nilai ekonomi tinggi seperti BTX (Benzena, Toluena, Xilena) karena memiliki building block berupa senyawa aromatik. Proses pirolisis termal dan perengkahan katalitik biomassa tempurung kelapa telah dilakukan dalam reaktor unggun diam untuk menghasilkan senyawa BTX masing – masing pada suhu 550oC dan 500oC. Katalis CaO/HZSM-5 yang disintesis melalui teknik pencampuran fisik dan impregnasi basah dengan perbandingan 2:1 terhadap umpan bio-oil digunakan pada proses upgrading perengkahan katalitik. Katalis CaO/HZSM-5 dipilih karena penggunaan kedua katalis tersebut secara simultan memberikan efek sinergis dalam menghasilkan senyawa monoaromatik BTX. Penambahan CaO terbukti mampu meningkatkan ukuran pori rata – rata katalis setelah termodifikasi sehingga dapat menurunkan kemungkinan deaktivasi katalis dengan mencegah pembentukan kokas. Karakterisasi BET terhadap katalis menunjukkan bahwa diameter pori katalis CaO/HZSM-5 pencampuran fisik dan impregnasi basah secara berturut – turut sebesar 2,14 nm dan 5,24 nm. Selanjutnya, bio-oil melalui karakterisasi FTIR dimana produk upgrading bio-oil tempurung kelapa didominasi oleh senyawa aromatic, phenol, dan alcohol. Berdasarkan karakterisasi GC-MS, katalis CaO/HZSM-5 hasil pencampuran fisik memberikan kinerja optimal dimana yield BTX tertinggi yang diperoleh sebesar 45,85%. Penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan solusi alternatif dalam mengurangi ketergantungan pada bahan bakar fosil

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Coconut shell is a by-product of processing coconuts whose utilization is not optimal because it is considered as worthless waste. In the development process, coconut shell waste has an excellent opportunity for being utilized as a product with high economic value as BTX (Benzene, Toluene, Xylene) due to its high content of lignin which is the building block in the form of aromatic compounds. Thermal pyrolysis and catalytic cracking of coconut shell biomass have been carried out in a fixed bed reactor to produce BTX compounds at 550oC and 500oC, respectively. CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized using physical mixing and wet impregnation technique with a ratio of 2:1 to bio-oil feed in the upgrading process of catalytic cracking. CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst was chosen because the use of the two catalysts simultaneously provides a synergistic effect in producing BTX compounds. The addition of CaO has proven to increase the average pore size of the catalyst after modification and reduce the possibility of catalyst deactivation by preventing coke formation. The BET characterization of the catalyst showed that the pore diameters of the CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst of physical mixing and wet impregnation were 2,14 nm and 5,24 nm, respectively. Furthermore, FTIR characterization showed the upgrading product of coconut shell bio-oil dominated by aromatic compounds, phenols, and alcohols. Based on the GC-MS characterization, the CaO/HZSM-5 catalyst of physical mixing gave an optimal performance where the highest BTX yield was obtained at 45.85%. This research was expected to provide alternative solutions to reduce dependency on fossil fuels."

"Pekerja pada unit produksi minyak dan gas bumi berisiko terpajan berbagai bahaya kimia. Salah satu komponen bahan kimia dari minyak bumi adalah volatile organic compounds (VOC), dengan contoh bahan yang terkenal akan toksisitasnya adalah benzene, toluene dan xylene. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene pekerja kilang minyak san gas di PT. X. Penelitian ini menganalisis data sekunder pajanan personal BTX melalui rute inhalasi menggunakan active sampler. Dengan menggunakan metode Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) dari Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia ditemukan bahwa risiko pajanan benzene pada SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) terkategori risiko sangat tinggi. Untuk pajanan toluene dan xylene berada pada tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah pada hampir seluruh SEG. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, diperlukan pengendalian yang tepat untuk mengatasi pajanan benzene, toluene dan xylene. Salah satu pengendalian yang direkomendasikan adalah meningkatkan konsistensi penggunaan alat pelindung diri, monitoring pajanan secara kontinu, melaksanakan biomonitoring dan pemeriksaan sel darah tepi.

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Workers in oil and gas production units are at risk of exposure to various chemical hazards. One of the chemical components of petroleum is volatile organic compounds (VOC), with examples of materials known for their toxicity being benzene, toluene and xylene. This study aims to analyze health risks related to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene of oil and gas refinery workers at PT. X. This study analyzes secondary data on personal exposure to BTX via the inhalation route using an active sampler. Using the Chemical Health Risk Assessment (CHRA) method from the Department of Safety and Health, Malaysia, it was found that the risk of benzene exposure in the SEG CDU (crude distillation unit) was categorized as very high risk. Exposure to toluene and xylene is at a low health risk level in almost all SEGs. Based on the research results, appropriate control is needed to overcome exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene. One of the recommended controls is increasing the consistent use of personal protective equipment, continuous monitoring of exposure, carrying out biomonitoring and examining peripheral blood cells."

"Pekerja di unit pengolahan minyak dan gas memiliki potensi terpajan berbagai macam hidrokarbon dan zat kimia dalam pembuatan turunan minyak bumi. Benzene, toluene, dan xylene menjadi pajanan bahaya kimia yang paling sering dijumpai pada pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi. Pekerja yang terpajan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene melalui rute inhalasi memiliki berbagai risiko kesehatan baik akut maupun kronis. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis risiko kesehatan terkait pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene pada pekerja di unit pengolahan minyak dan gas bumi. Penelitian ini menganalisis pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene di dua unit pengolahan minyak bumi menggunakan metode Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment dari Departemen of Safety and Health Malaysia Tahun 2018. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa benzene termasuk dalam kategori tingkat risiko kesehatan tinggi, sedangkan toluene dan xylene termasuk dalam kategori tingkat risiko kesehatan rendah. Tingkat pajanan bahaya kimia benzene, toluene, dan xylene dengan nilai rata-rata tertinggi berada pada unit laboratorim. Dari hasil penelitian terkait tingkat risiko kesehatan pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene diperlukan strategi kontrol yang tepat, seperti penggunaan alat pelindung diri yang sesuai dan meningkatkan sistem ventilasi di tempat kerja untuk mengurangi pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene melalui rute inhalasi.

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Workers in refinery units have the potential to be exposed to various kinds of hydrocarbons and chemicals in the manufacture of petroleum derivatives. Benzene, toluene, and xylene are the most common chemical hazards in oil and gas processing. Workers who are exposed to the chemical hazards of benzene, toluene, and xylene through the inhalation route have various health risks, both acute and chronic. This study aims to analyze the health risks associated with chemical hazards exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene in workers in oil and gas processing units. This study analyzed the chemical hazard exposure of benzene, toluene, and xylene in two petroleum processing units using the Chemical Hazard Risk Assessment method from the Department of Safety and Health Malaysia in 2018. The results showed that benzene was included in the category of high health risk level, while toluene and xylene is included in the category of low health risk level. The level of exposure to the chemical hazards of benzene, toluene, and xylene with the highest average value is in the laboratory unit. From the results of research related to the level of health risk of exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene, appropriate control strategies are needed, such as the use of appropriate personal protective equipment and improving ventilation systems in the workplace to reduce exposure to benzene, toluene, and xylene through the inhalation route.

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"Laboratorium Migas merupakan tempat kerja untuk melakukan pengujian, penelitian, dan pengembangan minyak mentah, produk sampingan, hingga produk jadi menggunakan peralatan dan bahan yang ada. Laboratorium memiliki banyak bahaya di dalamnya, tak terkecuali dengan bahaya kimia seperti benzene, toluene dan xylene (BTX). Oleh karena itu, diperlukan kajian risiko kesehatan di Laboratorium Migas untuk mengetahui seberapa besar tingkat risiko BTX terhadap pekerja laboratorium. Kajian risiko kesehatan ini akan mengacu pada CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) dimana data yang didapatkan dianalisis menggunakan IHSTAT. Kajian risiko kesehatan dilakukan menyesuaikan dengan SEG yang sudah ditentukan, yaitu unit Crude & Product Classification, unit Facility & Quality, unit Fuel, unit Analytical & Gas, serta unit Petrochemical. Hasil dari penelitian menunjukan bahwa terdapat tingkat risiko yang tinggi pada pajanan benzene melalui rute inhalasi serta rute dermal terhadap unit Fuel. Sementara itu, pajanan xylene dan toluene berada pada tingkat risiko yang rendah untuk rute pajanan inhalasi serta berada pada tingkat pajanan moderat pada rute pajanan dermal. Dari hasil penelitian terkait tingkat risiko keseharan pada pajanan benzene, toluene, dan xylene, diperlukan peningkatan kesadaran pekerja untuk menggunakan APD tambahan serta peningkatan sistem ventilasi di tempat kerja.

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The Oil and Gas Laboratory is a workplace for conducting testing, research and development on crude oil, by-products and finished products using existing equipment and materials. Laboratories have many dangers in them, including chemical hazards such as benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX). Therefore, it is necessary to study health risks in oil and gas laboratories to find out how big the risk level of BTX is to laboratory workers. This health risk study will refer to CHRA DOSH Malaysia (2018) where the data obtained was analyzed using IHSTAT. Health risk studies are carried out in accordance with the SEGs that have been determined, namely the Crude & Product Classification unit, Facility & Quality unit, Fuel unit, Analytical & Gas unit, and Petrochemical unit. The results of the study show that there is a high level of risk of exposure to benzene via the inhalation route and the dermal route on Fuel units. Meanwhile, exposure to xylene and toluene is at a low risk level for the inhalation exposure route and at a moderate exposure level for the dermal exposure route. From the results of research regarding the level of health risk from exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene, it is necessary to increase worker awareness to use additional PPE and improve the ventilation system in the workplace."

"Sumber utama pencemaran perkotaan adalah transportasi. BTX (Benzene, Toluene dan Xylene) adalah merupakan agen pencemar polutan udara kegiatan transportasi yang berbahaya bagi kesehatan. Petugas pintu tol merupakan kelompok berisiko tinggi terpajan BTX. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain cross-sectional dengan pendekatan Analisis Risiko Kesehatan Lingkungan (ARKL) bertujuan untuk mengetahui besarnya risiko kesehatan akibat pajanan BTX pada petugas pintu tol kebun jeruk Jakarta barat. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada bagian gardu pintu tol rata-rata konsentrasi (mean+SD) benzena sebesar 0,00167+0,000056 mg/m3, Toluena sebesar 0,00124+0.000049 mg/m3 dan Xylena sebesar 0,00147+0,000063 mg/m3 sedangkan pada kantor administrasi konsentrasi tidak terdeteksi oleh alat (Method Detection Limit). Rata-rata RQ benzene 0,007, toluene 0,00003 dan xylene 0,002 pada petugas tol lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan rata-rata RQ benzene 0,002, toluene 0,00001 dan xylene 0,007 petugas administrasi. Kesimpulan bahwa risiko nonkarsinogenik BTX semua pekerja memiliki RQ≤1. Risiko kesehatan nonkarsinogenik dan karsinogenik untuk seluruh pekerja di gerbang pintu tol kebun jeruk pada saat ini belum menunjukkan adanya risiko. Namun demikian, tindakan pencegahan tetap perlu dilakukan dalam rangka pengendalian risk agent tersebut di masa yang akan datang.

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The main sources of urban pollution is transportation. BTX (Benzene, Toluene and Xylene) is an air pollutant pollutant agent transport activities that are harmful to health. Worker in toll gate is high risk groups exposed to BTX.

Design of this study is cross-sectional with Environmental Health Risk Analysis approach to determine the magnitude of health risks due to exposure to benzene, toluene and xylene in the Kebun Jeruk toll gate, west Jakarta.

The results showed that at the toll collectors average concentration (mean+SD) was : benzene 0.00167+0.000056 mg/m3, toluene 0.00124+0.000049 mg/m3 and xylene 0.00147+0,000063 mg/m3. while at the administrative office was not detected (Minimum Detection Limit). The average RQ collector workers of benzene was 0.007, toluene was 0.00004, xylene was 0.002, & At administrative officer RQ of benzene was 0.002, toluene was 0.00001, xylene was 0.0006 lower than the average of worker toll gate.

In conclusion, the risk of all workers have the RQ ≤ 1. Noncarcinogenic and carcinogenic health risks to all workers at the kebun jeruk toll gate at this point have not shown any risk yet. Nevertheless, protections is needed in order to control the risk of the agent in the future."

"Gas rumah kaca seperti karbon dioksida merupakan gas yang melimpah di alam sehingga diperlukan cara untuk mengkonversi CO2. Namun, CO2 bersifat stabil secara termodinamika dan kinetika sehingga diperlukan bantuan logam bervalensi rendah contohnya Ni(0) atau Pd(0) untuk dapat bereaksi. Pada penelitian ini digunakan ZSM-5 hirarki terimpregnasi logam nikel sebagai katalis reaksi karboksilasi bertekanan antara fenilasetilena dengan karbon dioksida menjadi asam sinamat. ZSM-5 hirarki dianggap mampu menjadi penyangga katalis logam Ni dikarenakan ZSM-5 hirarki memiliki selektivitas dan transport massa yang baik. ZSM-5 Hirarki disintesis menggunakan metode double template yaitu TPAOH sebagai pengarah struktur MFI dan PDD-AM sebagai pengarah mesopori. Impregnasi logam nikel dilakukan menggunakan metode impregnasi basah dengan reduksi oleh aliran gas hidrogen. Karakterisasi material ZSM-5 hirarki dan Ni/ZSM-5 hirarki dilakukan dengan menggunakan XRD, FTIR, XRF, SEM-EDS dan SAA. Analisa XRD menunjukkan ZSM-5 telah berhasil disintesis. Analisa FTIR menunjukkan dekomposisi template melalui kalsinasi telah berhasil. Pencitraan SEM menunjukkan morfologi material dengan bentuk coffin like-shaped yang merupakan ciri khas ZSM-5. Hasil analisa EDS menunjukkan persen loading Ni dalam ZSM-5 sebesar 1,4 %. Sedangkan analisa XRF menunjukkan persen loading Ni dalam ZSM-5 sebesar 3,325 % yang mengindikasikan logam Ni telah masuk ke dalam pori ZSM-5. Analisa BET menunjukkan adanya hysteresis loop yang mengindikasikan adanya pori berukuran meso. Reaksi karboksilasi bertekanan fenilasetilena dilakukan dalam reaktor batch dengan variasi tekanan CO2 (1, 3, 5, 7 bar) dan suhu (85, 100, dan 125 C). Berdasarkan analisa terhadap campuran produk didapat tekanan CO2 optimum sebesar 3 bar dan suhu optimum pada 85 C.

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Carbon dioxide is one of greenhouse gases which is abundant in nature, therefore efforts are needed to reduce its concentration through CO2 conversion. However, CO2 is thermodynamically and kinetically stable, so it needs low valent metals such as Ni (0) or Pd (0) to help CO2 to react. In this study, the hierarchical ZSM-5 impregnated nickel metal was used as a catalyst for pressurized carboxylation reactions between phenylacetylene and carbon dioxide to cinnamic acid. Hierarchical ZSM-5 is assumed capable for supporting Ni metal catalysts because it has good selectivity and mass transport. Hierarchical ZSM-5 was synthesized using the double template method with TPAOH as structure directing agent for MFI and PDD-AM as mesoporous directing agent. Impregnation of nickel was carried out using a wet impregnation method with reduction by the hydrogen gas flow. Material characterization of hierarchical ZSM-5 and Ni/ZSM-5 was carried out using XRD, FTIR, XRF, SEM-EDS and SAA. XRD analysis shows that ZSM-5 has been successfully synthesized.

FTIR analysis showed that the template decomposition through calcination was successful. SEM imaging of the material shows a coffin-like morphology, which is a characteristic of the ZSM-5. The EDS analysis results shows 1.4% Ni in ZSM-5. While the XRF analysis shows 3.325 % Ni in ZSM-5 of which indicates that Ni has entered the ZSM-5 pores. BET analysis shows a hysteresis loop that indicates mesoporous. Pressurized carboxylation reaction of phenylacetylene were carried out in batch reactors with variations of CO2 pressure (1, 3, 5, 7 bar) and temperature (85, 100, and 125 125 C). Based on the analysis of products with HPLC, the optimal CO2 pressure was obtained at 3 bar and the optimal temperature at 85 C."

"The application of bio-oil for biofuel has been limited due to its low heating value, high acidity and high oxygenate content. pursuant to the urgency of obtaining access to sustainable energy from renewable resources, the studies for bio-oil upgrading have been recently placed in high priority. this study is aimed at identifying the effect of biomass types on bio-oil product characteristics. the conversion of several types of biomass, i.e. rice straw, rubberwood (hevea brasiliensis), and palm empty fruit bunches (efb) to bio-oil by-products was investigated in a catalytic fast pyrolysis (cfp) reactor using a ni/zsm-5 nickel nitrate and zeolite catalyst at 550oc and at atmospheric pressure. the results show that ni/zsm-5 catalyst has actively enhanced the de-oxygenation reaction process and aromatic production. the composition of aromatic compounds in bio-oil from rubberwood, rice straw, and efb are 10.25 wt%, 7.8 wt%, and 5.98 wt%, respectively. in the absence of a catalyst, bio-oil from rice straw contains no aromatics."