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"Evaluasi efektifitas pelarut dari daun mengkudu untuk absorpsi gas amonia mengunakan kontaktor membran serat berongga telah diteliti. Pelarut yang digunakan adalah daun mengkudu dengan dosis 200 gram per liter air dan asam sulfat 0.1M. Untuk studi perpindahan massa, hasil penelitian menunjukkan nilai koefisien perpindahan massa pada pelarut asam sulfat lebih tinggi dibandingkan pada pelarut daun mengkudu sehingga efisiensi yang dihasilkan dengan menggunakan asam sulfat lebih besar dibandingkan larutan daun mengkudu. Hasil penelitian juga menunjukkan peningkatan laju alir pelarut akan menaikkan koefisien perpindahan massa. Sedangkan untuk studi hidrodinamika, kenaikan laju alir pelarut menyebabkan meningkatnya penurunan tekanan di dalam kontaktor membran.

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Evaluation of effectiveness solvent from leaf morinda citrifolia for gas absorption amonia using contactor hollow fiber membrane have been researched. Solvent that used leaf morinda citrifolia with dose 200 gram per liter of water and sulphuric acid 0.1M. For transfer study mass, watchfulness result shows transfer coefficient value mass in solvent sulphuric acid is higher than solvent leaf morinda citrifolia so that efficiency that produced by using sulphuric acid is higher than leaf morinda citrifolia. Also will show rate of flow enhanced solvent will raise transfer coefficient mass. While for hydrodynamics study, rate of flow increase solvent causes the increasing of pressure depreciation in contactor membrane."

"Pada penelitian ini dilakukan pemisahan ammonia terlarut dalam air melalui kontaktor membran serat berongga yang dinilai bisa memberikan efisiensi yang lebih jika dibandingkan pengolahan secara konvensional dengan proses menara absorpsi. Jenis membran serat berongga yang digunakan adalah polipropilena yang bersifat hidrofobik sedangkan larutan penyerap yang digunakan adalah asam sulfat. Penelitian ini mempelajari koefisien perpindahan massa dan sifat hidrodinamika air dengan variasi 10, 15, dan 20 serat serta variasi laju alir 3, 4, dan 5 Lpm. Untuk studi perpindahan massa, hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa semakin besar jumlah serat membran dan laju alir akan meningkatkan koefisien perpindahan massa. Sementara itu untuk studi hidrodinamika, peningkatan jumlah serat membran dan laju alir akan memperbesar friksi sehingga penurunan tekanan juga akan semakin besar. Efisiensi pemisahan tertinggi diperoleh pada kondisi variasi serat 20 dan laju alir 5 Lpm dengan nilai 63,45%.

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This research conducted removal of dissolved ammonia from aqueous solution through hollow fiber membrane contactor. This process gives more efficiency than conventional process using an absorption column. Polypropylene is a kind of hollow fiber membrane that used in this research. It has a hydrophobic characteristic, whereas sulfuric acid is an absorbent. This research studied about mass transfer coefficient and hydrodynamics properties of water by variation of 10, 15, and 20 fibers, also 3, 4, and 5 Lpm of flow rates. For mass transfer study, results showed that the increasing of flow rate and number of fiber membrane will increase the mass transfer coefficient. While for Hydrodynamic study, the increasing number of fiber membrane and flow rate will increase a friction with the result that increasing a pressure drop. A great efficiency achieves as high as 63.45 % at 20 fibers and 5 Lpm flow rate variation process."

"ABSTRAKUpaya menurunkan kadar DO adalah hal yang penting dalam industri seperti diketahui oksigen punya efek oksidatif dan korosif terhadap bahan-bahan lain. Penggunaan : packing tower, mixer settler, chemical additive, & membran merupakan upaya-upaya yang sudah dilakukan selama ini dan yang menjadi unggulan ialah membran karena biaya investasi dan operasional yang lebih rendah, mudah dikombinasikan, mudah di scale-up, operasi kontinu, ramah lingkungan dan save-spacing. Luas permukaan kontak per volume dan pada prosesnya kemungkinan terjadinya foaming dan flooding kecil sebab kontak antar fasa yang minimum menjadi kelebihan performa dibanding metode konvensional. Dari berbagai jenis modul membran, modul membran serat berongga (hollow fiber membrane contactor) adalah modul yang paling banyak digunakan dalam desorpsi oksigen terlarut dari air. Membran yang digunakan adalah membran polipropilen hidrofobik dengan diameter : 0,2 cm. Transfer oksigen terlarut terjadi tiga tahap yaitu: transfer oksigen terlarut dalam air, difusi oksigen terlarut melalui membran, dan difusi oksigen terlarut ke dalam aliran udara gas penyapu. Penelitian ini akan berfokus pada performa pengurangan kadar oksigen dari air pada modul yang sudah dibuat pada 30-40-50 jumlah serat. Performa modul kontaktor diindikasikan dengan parameter nilai bilangan Sherwood dan properti hidrodinamika yang terjadi. Korelasi nilai bilangan Sherwood terhadap faktor geometri dan sifat aliran terlihat pada persamaan perpindahan massa yang mana juga menjadi model persamaan.Dari hasil eksperimen, dihasilkan koefisien perpindahan massa sebesar 0,0022- 0,0066 cm/s dan nilai ini berbanding lurus dengan kenaikan fraksi kepadatan membran pada laju alir linier yang sama. Korelasi perpindahan massa yang terbentuk: Sh ? (0.0106 ? ?1.4169 )(Re0.99 ) dan properti hidrodinamika (penurunan tekanan) yang terjadi menunjukkan perpindahan massa terjadi di daerah laminer. Studi hidrodinamika juga menunjukkan faktor friksi aliran lebih besar 9,5 - 10,7 kali dibanding faktor friksi literatur.

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ABSTRACT

As dissolved oxygen has oxidizing and corroding character if placed next to other material, effort to decrease the dissolved oxygen concentration is a crucial role especially in industry. Until now utilization of packing tower, mixer settler, chemical additive, & membrane are the common way to reach decreased dissolved oxygen number. But membrane has some strong point compared to others, such as: lower cost, easy to scale-up, continuous operation, environmental friendly, & save spacing. Technical advantages of using membrane are its surface area per volume much higher than conventional method and lower opportunity to have flooding and foaming problems because minimum interface contact during process. Holow fiber membrane contactor is the most popular membrane module used in dissolved oxygen problem area. The membrane which is used have diameter of 0,2 cm. Three steps of mass oxygen transfer are : oxygen transfer in the water, dissolved oxygen diffusion into membrane pore, and diffusion of the oxygen to introduced sweeping gas. This research wills focused on dissolved oxygen removal performance using membrane module that have 30, 40, & 50 fibers inside. The performance of the module indicated by Sherwood number and hydrodynamic properties that occur during experiment. And equation model of the module will be developed as it affected by geometry factor of the module and type of the water flow.

As the result, mass transfer coefficient calculated output are 0,0022-0,0066 cm/s and this value are proportional to increase in geometry factor number in equal linear flow rate. Mass transfer corelation that developed is Sh ? (0.0106 ? ?1.4169 )(Re0.99 ) , and the result of dropped pressure during experiment show that mass transfer occur in laminar flow. Further, the hydrodynamic study result show that friction factor of the experiment flow 9,5-10,7 times higher than literature friction factor."

"Di Indonesia, ammonia sudah dikenal luas sebagai bahan baku yang merupakan komoditas yang penting dalam perindustrian. Namun, di lain pihak ammonia juga merupakan salah satu polutan yang berbahaya. Beberapa cara yang telah dilakukan untuk mengolah limbah. Namun, cara-cara tersebut memiliki keterbatasan dan kekurangan, sehingga dibutuhkan cara alternatif yang dapat memberi hasil yang lebih efektif dan dengan biaya yang lebih murah. Salah satu metode pengolahan limbah ammonia adalah melalui kontaktor membran serat berongga. Pada penelitian kali ini, akan meninjau pengaruh temperatur dari air limbah terhadap efisiensi penyisihan ammonia, larutan penyerap yang digunakan adalah larutan penyerap dari sumber mata air panas Ciater. Data konsentrasi ammonia yang diambil tiap 30 menit selama 2 jam proses, pada beberapa variasi temperatur akan digunakan untuk mencari koefisien perpindahan massa. Dari penelitian ini didapatkan data penurunan konsentrasi ammonia yang besar seiring dengan kenaikan suhu umpan. Efisiensi tertinggi sebesar 71% dicapai pada suhu umpan 50° C.

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In Indonesia, ammonia is well known as a raw material which is an important commodity in the industry. However, on the other hand ammonia is also one of the dangerous pollutant. Some ways that have been done to treat waste. However, these methods have limitations and shortcomings, so we need alternative ways to provide more effective results and with a cheaper cost. One method of waste ammonia is through the hollow fiber membrane contactors.

In this research, will review the effect of wastewater temperature on ammonia removal efficiency, absorbent solution used was the absorbent solution from the hot springs Ciater. Ammonia concentration data taken every 30 minutes for 2 hour process, at some temperature variation will be used to find the mass transfer coefficient. From this study, a large decrease in ammonia concentration along with the increase in feed temperature. The highest efficiency of 71% achieved at a feed temperature of 50° C."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas proses pemisahan amonia terlarut di dalam air melalui kontaktor membran keramik. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan cara mensirkulasikan larutan umpan amonia dan mengkontakkannya dengan larutan absorben asam sulfat di dalam kontaktor membran, kemudian laju alir umpan divariasikan. Efektivitas pemisahan ini dievaluasi dengan studi perpindahan massa dan hidrodinamika. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa nilai koefisien perpindahan massa meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya laju alir umpan. Sedangkan untuk studi hidrodinamika, peningkatan laju alir umpan akan meningkatkan penurunan tekanan di dalam kontaktor membran keramik. Efisiensi yang didapatkan mencapai 32,68%.

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The objective of this study is to find the effectiveness of dissolved ammonia removal through ceramic membrane contactor. The experiment was carried out by holding the circulation ammonia feed solution, contacting it with sulfuric acid absorbent solution and applying the variations of feed's flow rate. The effectiveness must be evaluated by mass transfer and hydrodynamic aspects.

Results of this experiment show that the mass transfer coefficient increases by the increasing of feed's flow rate. In hydrodynamic aspect, the increasing of feed's flow rate can cause pressure drop increases in ceramic membrane contactor. The efficiency is about 32,68%."

"The study has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the natural solvent from noni fruit for CO2 gas absorption from CH4 through hollow fiber membrane gas-liquid contactors. The solvent was made of 100 grams noni fruit per liter of water. In experiments, the solvent flowed to the shell side of the contactor, while the gas mixture flowed to the lumen fiber. The experimental results showed that mass transfer coefficients in the contactors increased with increasing liquid flow rate and decreasing number of fibers in the contactors. Mass transfer correlation indicated that the mass transfer in the contactor was dominated by turbulent flow. Hydrodynamics analysis of the contactors showed that at the same Reynolds number pressure drops increased with increasing packing density due to an increase in friction between fibers and water. The friction factor ratio data revealed that the fiber surface did not behave like a smooth pipe within the range of velocities in the experiments. Based on QI and Cussler coefficients, chemical absorption occurred during experiments, which might be indicated by the appearance of new compounds in the chemical analysis of the aqueous extract from noni fruit after absorption."

"Kontaktor berbasis membran memiliki banyak keunggulan sebagai media kontak antara fasa cair dan cair, seperti luas permukaan kontak yang besar, kemudahan dalam scale-up dan pengkombinasian dengan proses lain, ramah lingkungan, serta efisien ruang. Salah satu aplikasi kontaktor membran adalah proses pemisahan amonia dari air limbah pada industri pupuk dan besi baja. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui efektivitas kontaktor membran serat berongga dalam memisahkan amonia terlarut dari dalam air limbah menggunakan cairan penyerap sumber air alami dari Ciater. Variabel penelitian yang diterapkan adalah variasi pH absorben 2, 1 dan 0,7 serta variasi laju sirkulasi limbah 5, 4 dan 3,5 Lpm. Hasil evaluasi kontaktor membran menunjukkan bahwa koefisien perpindahan massa berbanding terbalik dengan nilai pH, namun berbanding lurus dengan laju sirkulasi limbah.

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Membrane based contactor has many advantages as a medium for liquid and liquid phase contact, such as larger surface area, easiness in scale-up and combining with other process, environmentally friendly and space efficient. One of the applications for membrane contactor is ammonia removal from waste water in fertilizer and steel industries.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of hollow fiber membrane contactor in removing dissolved ammonia from waste water using natural water source from Ciater as absorbent. Variables applied are absorbent's pH variation of 2, 1 and 0.7 and variations in wastewater circulation flow rate of 5, 4 and 3.5 Lpm.

Evaluation results show that mass transfer coefficient is proportional to wastewater circulation flow rate, but inversely proportional to value of pH."

"Teknologi pemisahan CO2 telah banyak dikembangkan melalui proses absorpsi, dimana salah satunya melalui kontaktor membran yang diharapkan berpotensi meningkatkan efisiensi energi dan volum serta mengurangi investasi dan menghindari berbagai kelemahan kolom absorpsi konvensional. Penelitian dilakukan dengan mengaplikasikan kontaktor membran serat berongga menggunakan larutan daun mengkudu (Morinda citrifolia) dengan dosis 10 gram, 50 gram, dan 100 gram per liter air. Efektifitas pelarut ini dievaluasi dari segi perpindahan massa dan hidrodinamika. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa nilai koefisien perpindahan massa meningkat seiring dengan meningkatnya laju alir pelarut dan menurunnya jumlah dosis dan jumlah serat di dalam kontaktor. Sedangkan dari segi hidrodinamika, peningkatan laju alir dan jumlah serat meningkatkan penurunan tekanan di dalam kontaktor membran.

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Technology of CO2 separation has been applied through absorption process, which one of the process is through membrane contactor that is potentially expected to increase the efficiency of energy and volum and also decrease the investation and hinder any weaknesses in conventional absorption column. Study was carried out by applying hollow fiber membrane contactor using solvent from leaves of Noni (Morinda citrifolia) with doses of 10 gram, 50 gram, dan 100 gram per liter of water.

This solvent's effectiveness was evaluated from the aspects of mass transfer and hydrodynamic. Result of the experiment shows that mass transfer coefficient increases with the increasing of solvent's flow rate and decreasing of doses and number of fiber in the contactor. In hydrodynamic aspect, the increase of solvent's flow rate will increase pressure drop in the contactor."

"This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a polypropylene hollow fiber membrane contactor in removing dissolved ammonia in wastewater using sulfuric acid solution as an absorbent. In the ammonia removal experiments, wastewater and absorbent solutions flowed through the shell side and the lumen side of the contactor, respectively. The pH of wastewater, rate of circulation and ammonia initial concentration were operating variables which influenced the efficiency of the removal process. The efficiency of ammonia removal increases with the wastewater pH level when it is at the same circulation rate and time. In addition, the increase in the circulation rate of the wastewater will increase the efficiency of ammonia removal and the overall mass transfer coefficient. Meanwhile, the efficiency of ammonia removal and the overall mass transfer coefficient decreased with initial ammonia concentration in the wastewater solution."

"The study has been conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the natural solvent from noni fruit for CO2 gas absorption from CH4 through hollow fiber membrane gas-liquid contactors. The solvent was made of 100 grams noni fruit per liter of water. In experiments, the solvent flowed to the shell side of the contactor, while the gas mixture flowed to the lumen fiber. The experimental results showed that mass transfer coefficients in the contactors increased with increasing liquid flow rate and decreasing number of fibers in the contactors. Mass transfer correlation indicated that the mass transfer in the contactor was dominated by turbulent flow. Hydrodynamics analysis of the contactors showed that at the same Reynolds number pressure drops increased with increasing packing density due to an increase in friction between fibers and water. The friction factor ratio data revealed that the fiber surface did not behave like a smooth pipe within the range of velocities in the experiments. Based on QI and Cussler coefficients, chemical absorption occurred during experiments, which might be indicated by the appearance of new compounds in the chemical analysis of the a queous extract from noni fruit after absorption."