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"The attitude towards death and dying depends on the culture. In prehistoric times grave artifacts suggest a belief in the continuation of life. This belief in an afterlife has continued through different cultures and societies to the present day. The fear of death seems to have grown in parallel with those religions which have promised judgment at the time of death. In our modern Western secular society death is regarded as a medical failure, the rituals which used to attend it have largely been abandoned, and life is prolonged so that death has lost all dignity. It is now beginning to be recognised that dying may not be a simple switching off, but a process leading to death and the gradual dissolution of consciousness. This dissolution seems to involve experiences for the dying which are spiritual and important for them. A number of these phenomena raise the possibility that consciousness may not be limited to the brain, but extend beyond it. Fortunately, palliative care is now taught in medical schools, and treatment of the dying is now recognised to be as important as treatment for the living. This article looks at the history of death, the significance of the dying process for consciousness research, and the education needed for carers of the dying."

"Buku ini lebih pada memberikan rangkuman mengenai hal yang sama pada beberapa abad terakhir"

"Penelitian ini membahas pengaruh dari pengasuhan, latar belakang orangtua, dan saudara kandung terhadap perkembangan Theory of Mind (ToM) anak usia 4 hingga 6 tahun. Rumusan permasalahan dalam penelitian ini adalah bagaimanakan pengaruh jumlah kakak, ukuran keluarga, pendidikan orangtua, pekerjaan orangtua, dan pengasuhan terhadap perkembangan ToM anak? Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis structural equation modelling (SEM) dengan pengasuhan sebagai variabel mediasi. Behavioral testing dari Wellman dan Liu (2004) yang merupakan skala kontinum, digunakan dalam penelitian ini untuk melihat perkembangan ToM. Sedangkan, pengasuhan diukur menggunakan Parenting Attitudes Inventory oleh Vinden (2001). Data untuk latar belakang orangtua, yakni pendidikan, dan pekerjaan orangtua juga ukuran keluarga dan kepemilikan saudara kandung, didapatkan melalui pengisian inventori orangtua. Partisipan dalam penelitian ini adalah 121 pasangan ibu dan anak dari dua Taman Kanak-Kanak Negeri di Jakarta dan Bogor. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan ibu, pendidikan ayah dan ukuran keluarga berpengaruh positif terhadap perkembangan ToM, sedangkan pekerjaan ibu dan jumlah kakak berpengaruh negatif terhadap perkembangan ToM. Penelitian ini juga memaparkan beberapa analisis tambahan seperti urutan perkembangan ToM pada partisipan anak, analisis korelasi, dan analisis independent sample t-test untuk melihat pengaruh jenis kelamin terhadap perkembangan ToM anak.

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This research discusses the effect of parenting attitudes, parental background, and sibling on Children’s ToM. The aim of this study is to examine the effect (direct and indirect) of number of older sibling, family size, parental education, parental occupation, and parenting on ToM. This research use the SEM analysis with parenting attitudes as mediation variable. ToM Task from Wellman and Liu (2004) used to measure children’s ToM, and parenting attitudes measured by PAI from Vinden (2001). Parental background and sibling data obtained by parenting inventory consist of parental education level, occupation, income also the number of sibling (older or younger). The participant of this research were 121 children age 4 to 6 and their mother from two State Kindergarten. The result showed that each independent variable have a significant effect to dependent variable: mother and father education also family size has a positive effect to TOM, mother occupation and number of older siblings has a negative effect to ToM. This research also showed additional analysis such as the order of children’s ToM development, correlation analysis, and independent sample t-test to compare the ToM development between boys and girls."

"Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melihat apakah terdapat perbedaan perolehan. Theory of Mind pada anak usia 4-6 tahun antara anak yang diasuh oleh Ibu dan yang diasuh oleh Nenek. Hal ini didasari bahwa ToM dipengaruhi oleh pola asuh. Fenomena menunjukkan bahwa anak usia 4-6 tahun tidak hanya diasuh oleh Ibu.Banyaknya Ibu yang bekerja memunculkan alternatif pengasuhan, salah satunyaoleh Nenek dengan alasan bahwa Nenek merupakan sosok yang dapat dipercaya. Diasuh oleh individu yang berbeda, maka diperkirakan pola asuh yang diterapkanjuga berbeda. Untuk mengetahui pola asuh digunakan alat ukur PSDQ dan untukmengetahui ToM digunakan ToM Scale. Untuk mengetahui perbedaan perolehanToM pada kedua kelompok dilakukan Independent sample t-test. Hasil penelitianmenunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan pada perolehanskor total ToM pada kedua kelompok t 102 =1.64, p=0.347.

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This research aimed to examine whether Theory of Mind ToM developmentdiffers in preschool children whom reared by Mother and whom reared byGrandmother. It rsquo s based on that ToM is influenced by parenting styles.Phenomenon showed that preschools children not only taken care by Mother. Theincreasing number of working Mothers raised many alternative caregiver, one ofthem is Grandmother, which is a person who can be trusted. Raised by differentperson might be applied different parenting style. To determined parenting stylesthis research used PSDQ. To measured ToM development, five task in Theory ofMind Scale were given to 140 preschool children 53 preschool children whichfostered by Mother and 51 preschool children which fostered by Grandmother .To know the different acquisition of ToM this research compared usedIndependent sample t test. The result showed that there are no significantdifferences on ToM acquisition between two groups, t 102 1.64, p 0.347."

"This book is an outstanding contribution to the philosophical study of language and mind, by one of the most influential thinkers of our time. In a series of penetrating essays, Noam Chomsky cuts through the confusion and prejudice which has infected the study of language and mind, bringing new solutions to traditional philosophical puzzles and fresh perspectives on issues of general interest, ranging from the mind–body problem to the unification of science. Using a range of imaginative and deceptively simple linguistic analyses, Chomsky argues that there is no coherent notion of “language” external to the human mind, and that the study of language should take as its focus the mental construct which constitutes our knowledge of language. Human language is therefore a psychological, ultimately a “biological object,” and should be analysed using the methodology of the natural sciences. His examples and analyses come together in this book to give a unique and compelling perspective on language and the mind."